Psychological Disorders

Medical model

model for psychological disorder to be treated as diseases

DSM-IV-TR

three key elements for symptoms to qualify as a mental disorder

Manifested in symptoms that involve disturbances in behavior, thoughts, or emotions

one of the DSM-IV-TR

Symptoms associated with significant personal distress or impairment

one of the DSM-IV-TR

Symptoms stem from an internal dysfusion
:biological, psychological, or both

one of the DSM-IV-TR

Reliability

one of the problems with mental model/DSM diagnosis:
how different people diagnose patients

Interpretation rather than observable behavior

one of the problems with mental model/DSM diagnosis:
interpret (scale) not real world

Patient self-report

one of the problems with mental model/DSM diagnosis:
self-report vs. personality

Comorbidity

one of the problems with mental model/DSM diagnosis:
difficult to define which behavior is because of which mental disorder

Intergrated perspective

the fact that there are three factors intergrated
:biological, psychological, environmental

Diathesis-stress model

the model it states that most mental disorders are predisposed with a trigger (internal and external)
=environmental+genetic (heritable)

Schizophrenia

統合失調症

Positive symptoms

one of the symptoms of schizophrenia:
most patients do not experience/ additional

Delusions

one of the positice symptoms:
persecution, reference, being controlled, grandeur, guilt, thought insertion an withdrawal

Hallucinations

one of the positive symptoms which is unreal:
tactile, taste, visual, olfactory, but usually auditory

Negative symptoms

one of the symptoms of schizophrenia:
slowing down of bodily movements, flattened affect etc.

Alogia

one of negative symptoms:
poverty of speech

Avolition

one of negative symptoms:
loss of basic drives and motivation

Asociality

Loss of desire to form relationships

Anhedonia

Loass of ability to experience pleasure

Cognitive symptoms

one of the symptoms of schizophrenia:
especially memory

Prodromal

an early symptom that indicate the start of a disease before specific symptoms occur

Working memory

the first-degree relatives of schizophrenia will be impaired on here/ best predictor of functional outcome

N-back test

one of the working memory tests:
relation of prefrontal cortex dysfunction to working memory and symptoms in schizophrenia

Blunted affect

lack or decline in emotional response

Characteristic symptoms

2 or more of the symptoms each present for much of the time during a 1 month period or less are considered schizophrenia

Paranoid

妄想
one of the subtypes of schizophrenia/positive

Catatonic

緊張
one of the subtypes of schizophrenia/negative

Disorganized

one of the subtypes of schizophrenia/emotional distortion, blunting

Undifferentiated

one of the subtypes of schizophrenia/changeing symptoms

Residual

one of the subtypes of schizophrenia/remission, mild

Genetic predisposition

one of thhe biological factors: heritability

Early enviromental disruptions

one of the biological factors:
prenatal trauma, maternal influenza, oxygen deprivation during birth

Neurodevelopmental abnormalities

one of the biological factors:
abnormal pruning that leads to loss of cell bodies and grey matter

Dopamine hypothesis

a theory of which too much this substance cause schizophrenia

Generalized anxiety disorder

one of anxiety disorder:
un relenting worries but focused on any particular threat

Phobis disorder

one of anxiety disorders:
marked fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations

Specific phobia

a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability

Social phobia

a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

Preparendness theory

the idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears

Panic disorder

one of the anxiety disorders
:sudden occurence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror

Agoraphobic

one symptoms of panic disorder:
an extreme fear of venturing into public space

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

one of the anxiety disorders:
primary symptoms is unwanted, recurrent thoughts and actions/ often take on exaggerated meaning

Major depressive disorder

a disorder characterized by a severely mood that last 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances

Dysthymia

same symptoms with major depressive disorder but less sever, lasts longer

Double depression

major depressive disorder + dysthymia

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

depression causes in high latitude etc.

Norepinephrine and serotonin

drugs that affect these can reduce depression

Helpless theory

the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experience to causes that are internal and global

Dissociative disorder

a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years

Dissoiative identity disorder (DID)

the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual's behavior

Dissociative amnesia

the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information

Dissociative figure

the sudden loss of memory gor one's history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumptions of a new identity

Biolar disorder

an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood and low mood

Personal disorder

disorder characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning

Antisocial personaility disorder

a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood