FN Final

Features of a chronic disease include all of the following except

it produces sharp pains.

What is the chief reason people choose the foods they eat?

Taste

All of the following are results of making poor food choices except

when made over just a single day, they exert great harm to your health.

The motive for a person who alters his diet due to religious convictions is most likely his

values.

What is the term that defines foods that contain nonnutrient substances whose known action in the body is to promote well-being to a greater extent than that contributed by the food's nutrients?

Functional foods

Which of the following is not one of the six classes of nutrients?

Fiber

What is the kcalorie value of a meal supplying 110 g of carbohydrates, 25 g of protein, 20 g of fat, and 5 g of alcohol?

755

A weight reduction regimen calls for a daily intake of 1400 kcalories which includes 30 g of fat. Approximately what percentage of the total energy is contributed by fat?

19

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the composition of most foods?

They contain mixtures of the three energy nutrients, although only one or two may predominate

What is the meaning of a double-blind experiment?

Neither subjects nor researchers know which subjects are in the control or experimental group

The smallest amount of a nutrient that is consumed over a prolonged period that maintains a specific function is called the nutrient

requirement.

How are the RDA for almost all vitamin and mineral intakes set?

High, to cover virtually all healthy individuals

Which of the following is a purpose of both the Recommended Dietary Allowance and Adequate Intake?

Setting nutrient goals for individuals

What is the AMDR for carbohydrate?

45-65%

Which of the following represents the usual sequence of stages in the development of a nutrient deficiency resulting from inadequate intake?

Declining nutrient stores, abnormal functions within the body, and overt signs

The goal of Healthy People 2010 is to

set goals for the nation's health over the next 10 years.

Which of the following statements defines the association between a risk factor and the development of a disease?

The more risk factors for a disease, the greater the chance of developing that disease 1

A person who assists registered dietitians has the formal title of

dietetic technician.

Most substances containing carbon-hydrogen bonds

Organic

Nutrient with the highest body concentration

Water

Nutrient with the highest energy density

Fat

Energy (kcal) yield of five grams of sugar

20

A water-soluble vitamin

Vitamin C

An inert medication

Placebo

A fat-soluble nutrient

Vitamin A

The recommended intake is set at the population mean

Energy

Excess nutrient intake leads to this

Overnutrition

Deficient nutrient intake leads to this

Undernutrition

Measurement of physical characteristics

Anthropometrics

A nutrient deficiency showing outward signs

Overt deficiency

A nutrient deficiency in the early stages

Subclinical deficiency

Which of the following leading causes of death in the U.S. does not bear a relationship to diet?

Pneumonia and influenza

What are the "ABCDMV" principles of diet planning?

Adequacy, balance, kcalorie control, nutrient density, moderation, and variety

Nutrient dense refers to foods that

provide more nutrients relative to kcalories.

he concept of nutrient density is most helpful in achieving what principle of diet planning?

kCalorie control

An empty-kcalorie food is one that contains

excess energy and little or no protein, vitamins or minerals.

Which of the following is among the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005?

Engage in regular physical activities

What two major nutrients are supplied by the fruit and vegetable groups?

Vitamins A and C

The consumption of 2000 kcalories per day is sufficient to meet the energy needs of most

sedentary women.

A cup of fresh blueberries is about the size of a

baseball

Which of the following is not descriptive of MyPyramid?

A broad-based figure that conveys the message that grains should be abundant and form the foundation of a healthy diet

Which of the following is a feature of the exchange list system?

All foods are grouped according to their content of carbohydrate, protein, and fats

Approximately what minimum percentage of all grains consumed by a person should be whole grains?

50

Which of the following is a feature of U.S. laws governing information on food labels?

Nutrition labeling is not required on foods produced by small businesses or products produced and sold in the same establishment

Which of the following is a characteristic of food serving sizes?

Serving sizes on food labels are not always the same as those of the USDA Food Guide 1

A food scientist is developing a new and improved cereal bar. She consults with you to ask in what order the ingredients should be listed on the food label. The ingredients are: Sugar: 30 g, Puffed wheat: 28 g, Dry milk powder: 5 g, Red food coloring: 35 mg, Salt: 2 g. What is the appropriate order in which to list these ingredients on the food label?

Sugar, puffed wheat, dry milk powder, salt, red food coloring

Food labels express the nutrient content in relation to a set of standard values known as the

Daily Values

On a food label, the "% Daily Value" table compares key nutrients per serving for a person consuming how many kcalories daily?

2000

Which of the following is a feature of the FDA's regulations of food label health claims?

There are four grades of health claim quality: A, B, C, and D

The principle of consuming a number of foods in proportion to each other

Balance

Part of grain richest in fiber

Bran

Nutrient added in grain enrichment process

Iron

Example of a fortified food

Orange juice containing added calcium

Example of a functional food

Margarine containing plant sterols

Nutrient commonly added in cow's milk fortification process

Vitamin A

Serving size of rice on a food label

1 cup

Agency that regulates food labeling

FDA

Reliable health claim allowed on food labels

Sodium and hypertension

Health claim not allowed on food labels without a disclaimer

Antioxidants and heart disease

What two major nutrients are supplied by the fruit and vegetable groups?

Vitamins A and C

All of the following are examples of legumes except

potatoes

Which of the following describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells?

Metabolism

A feature of catabolic reactions is that they

involve release of energy

What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells?

ATP

In the adult body, food energy not stored as fat or glycogen is lost as

heat.

What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcalories daily for one month?

4 lbs

Approximately what percentage of weight loss during starvation is lean body mass?

50

The feeling of satisfaction resulting from consumption of a meal is termed

satiety.

External cues that may cause an obese person to respond to food typically include all of the following except

outdoor exercises.

What is the most satiating macronutrient?

Protein

What fraction of the day's energy expenditure of the average person is represented by his or her basal metabolism?

About 2/3

Which of the following does not decrease the metabolic rate?

Fever

Which of the following factors has the most influence on the body's metabolic rate?

Amount of lean body tissue

If a dancer and a office worker are the same height and have the exact same body build, the dancer will be heavier because she has

more muscle mass.

What is the main explanation for the difference in basal metabolic rates between males and females of the same body weight?

Males have a higher percentage of lean body mass

An index of a person's weight in relation to height is called

body mass index.

What is the range of body fat content for normal-weight women?

23-31%

In what region of the body is the storage of excess body fat associated with the highest risks for cardiovascular disease and diabetes?

Abdomen

The major cause of insulin resistance is related to

excess body weight.

What term is given to the condition of a female athlete who has an eating disorder and develops amenorrhea and osteoporosis?

Female athlete triad

Which of the following is a characteristic of amenorrhea?

It induces prolonged bone loss

Which of the following is characteristic of the eating pattern of people with bulimia nervosa?

Binge eating typically occurs after a period of strict dieting

Television watching contributes to obesity for all of the following reasons except

it replaces time that could be spent eating.

A popular eating plan that promises quick weight loss is known as a(n)

fad diet.

Fraudulent weight reduction literature refers to visually apparent lumpy forms of body fat as

cellulite.

Bariatrics is a field of medicine that specializes in the treatment of

obesity.

What is the primary action of orlistat, a weight loss drug?

It inhibits pancreatic lipase

All of the following are sensible guidelines for diet plans except

eat rapidly to avoid prolonged contact with food.

What is a safe rate of weight loss on a long-term basis for most overweight people?

0.5-2 lbs/week

As a general rule, what minimum number of kcalories per day is necessary to ensure nutritional adequacy in an eating plan for reducing body weight?

1200

The feeling of satiety from weight-loss diets is best achieved by diets rich in

complex carbohydrates

Upon beginning a meal, the satiety signal in the body is sent after a lag time of about

20 minutes

Which of the following describes the results of a weight-loss study comparing a low-carbohydrate diet with a low-fat diet?

On the low-carbohydrate diet, people lost more weight for the first 6 months but regained more weight during the next 6 months

What is the best approach to weight loss?

Reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure

Which of the following is a feature of energy metabolism in formerly obese people who have lost weight?

Energy requirements are lower than expected for their current body weight

Approximately what percentage of overweight people who intentionally lose weight are able to maintain the weight loss for at least one year?

50

The classification of underweight is defined when the BMI first drops below

18.5

Among the following, which is the most important strategy for an underweight person who wishes to achieve a healthy body weight?

A high-kcalorie diet plus regular exercise

Which of the following does not decrease the metabolic rate?

Fever

Which of the following can be used to gauge the amount of a person's abdominal fat?

Waist circumference

About how long does it take for a meal to be completely eliminated from the stomach?

4 hours

Which of the following is a feature of vitamins?

The quantities present in foods are measured in micrograms or milligrams

What is a precursor?

A substance that is used to synthesize another compound

What is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin in food?

The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body

General characteristics of the water-soluble vitamins include all of the following except

they must be consumed daily.

What is the primary excretory route for the water-soluble vitamins?

Kidney

When thiamin is consumed in excess of needs, how does the body treat the excess?

Excreted primarily in the urine

What is a chief function of the B vitamins?

Coenzyme participation

Which of the following describes the basic function of a coenzyme?

Attaches to an enzyme and allows a chemical reaction to take place

Which of the following food groups ordinarily contains the highest amount of vitamins when expressed per kcalorie?

Vegetables

What type of container is best for protecting the riboflavin content of milk?

Cardboard

Which of the following overt side effect(s) is likely to appear after a person ingests a high quantity of nicotinic acid?

Painful, tingling, itching sensation

Research has shown that the risk for neural tube defects is lowered by taking supplements of

folate.

What vitamin is involved mainly with the replacement of red blood cells and digestive tract cells?

Folate

Which of the following foods is highest in folate?

Green, leafy vegetables

Why are vegetarians at risk of developing a vitamin B12 deficiency?

Vegetarian diets provide insufficient amounts of the vitamin

What is a free radical?

A molecule with at least one unpaired electron

Which of the following represents the results of well-controlled studies of vitamin C supplementation on the resistance to, and recovery from, colds?

There was a significant reduction in the duration of colds in people who consumed at least one gram a day

Which of these meals is lowest in vitamin C?

Roast beef, carrots, noodles, and tea

Which of the following statements is representative of vitamin supplementation practices?

People who have low energy intakes or are pregnant are at risk for developing deficiencies and may benefit from supplementation

Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body?

Beta-carotene

Which of the following is not among the features of the fat-soluble vitamins?

Transported permanently to the liver and adipose tissue

If a normal, healthy adult were to begin consuming a vitamin A-poor diet, approximately how much time would pass before the first deficiency symptoms would appear?

1 to 2 years

Greg says that he usually eats 1 medium carrot every day to ensure that he's consuming enough vitamin A. Today he said he didn't eat any carrots and is worried that there is not enough vitamin A in his system. What would you say to Greg to allay his fear?

"Don't worry; fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body. It takes a lot longer than one day to develop any adverse effects"

Vitamin A supplements are helpful in treating which of the following conditions?

Night blindness

A person seeking good sources of vitamin A would select all of the following except

bananas.

What is/are the main function(s) of vitamin D?

Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes calcium mobilization from bone

Your old friend from high school has just moved to Northern Canada to do full-time research on bats in caves. She typically works in the caves during the day when the bats are there and leaves at sundown when the bats are active. Since your friend only purchases organic and all natural foods, which of the following would you most likely advise she buy regularly at the grocery store?

Vitamin D-fortified milk

Recently, there has been a lot of news about the importance of antioxidants in the diet. Which of the following vitamins has been noted as preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins?.

E

What is a free radical?

A molecule that is unstable and highly reactive because it contains unpaired electrons

The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n)

antioxidant.

Which of the following are major sources of vitamin E in the diet?

Vegetable oils

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K?

It participates in synthesis of bone proteins

In what chief capacity does vitamin K function?

Blood clotting

Of the following commonly eaten foods, which makes the greatest contribution to riboflavin intake?

Milk

What vitamin deficiency disease appeared in people who had subsisted on a diet high in corn and low in protein?

Pellagra

Among the following, which would be the best source of Niacin Equivalents?

Chicken

When thiamin is consumed in excess of needs, how does the body treat the excess?

Excreted primarily in the urine

In what capacity does vitamin C function?

Cofactor in collagen formation

Which of the following foods provides ample amounts of vitamin C?

Broccoli

The known dangers of taking vitamin supplements include all of the following except

pathogenic bacterial overgrowth of the large intestines leading to increased risk of infection.

Which of the following is a feature of water and nutrition?

Water intoxication is rare but can result in death

The minimum amount of water that must be excreted by the body to dispose of its wastes is termed

obligatory water excretion.

What is the minimum amount of water (mL) that must be excreted each day as urine in order to carry away the body's waste products?

500

What is the minimum water intake for a 65-kg adult with an energy expenditure of 2,500 kcalories?

2,500 mL

What minimum level of body weight loss as water impairs a person's physical performance?

3-4%

Which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals?

Distilled water

Which of the following is present in highest concentration in soft water?

Sodium

What organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids?

Kidneys

Approximately how much water (lbs) is found in a 134-lb person?

80

What is the body's most indispensable nutrient?

Water

What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet?

Processed foods

Which of the following is not among the common food sources of potassium?

Cheeses

Which of the following ages (years) is typically associated with people having the densest bone?

28

For optimal utilization of calcium supplements, it is best to take them several times a day, in doses up to

500 mg.

At what age do adults normally begin to lose bone mass?

30-40 yrs

All of the following are known to have a high correlation with risk for osteoporosis except

consuming a high-protein diet.

Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus in nutrition?

Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown

Which of the following is a major function of magnesium?

Catalyst in energy metabolism

What is the major source of dietary sulfur?

Protein

Which of the following is a feature of physical activity and bone health?

Working the muscles places stress on bones which stimulates more trabeculae development

Which of the following is a characteristic of the trace minerals?

The amounts in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition

Which of the following foods provides iron in the most absorbable form?

Hamburger

All of the following factors are known to enhance the absorption of iron except

calcium from milk.

Your cousin Emily is a vegetarian. Since you have just learned in your nutrition class that nonheme iron is absorbed less efficiently than heme iron, you want to make sure Emily is getting enough iron. What should you recommend Emily do to maximize her iron absorption?

Eat her nonheme iron sources with a glass of orange juice

What is the function of MFP factor?

Enhances iron absorption

Iron overload is also known as

hemochromatosis

What is the primary function of the thyroid hormones?

Control the rate of oxygen use by cells

What is the response of the thyroid gland to an iodine deficiency?

Increase in its size to trap more iodine

Approximately how much iodized salt must be consumed to meet but not exceed the RDA for iodine?

1/2 teaspoon

Which of the following is an important function of selenium?

Inhibits the formation of free radicals

What is the primary mechanism associated with the role of fluoride in prevention of dental caries?

Fluoride becomes incorporated into the crystalline structure of teeth making them less susceptible to decay

What is the most reliable source of dietary fluoride?

Public water

As far as is known, what hormone is dependent upon chromium for optimal activity?

Insulin

What mineral is part of vitamin B12?

Cobalt

All of the following are recognized symptoms of zinc deficiency except

anemia.

Which of the following represents the most reliable dietary source of zinc?

Meats and whole-grain cereals

The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent

hypertension.

What adverse response is known to occur in people who drink copious amounts of water while participating in intense physical activity?

Hyponatremia

Which of the following is the primary function of potassium?

Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte

Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to

provide rigidity for the bones and teeth.

The components of fitness include all of the following except

bone fragility

Which of the following is generally not associated with a regular program of physical fitness?

Reduced bone density

What is muscle atrophy?

Loss of muscle size and strength

A muscle that increases in size in response to use is an example of

hypertrophy

The effect of regular exercise on heart and lung function is known as

cardiorespiratory conditioning

In weight training, muscle endurance can best be emphasized by combining a

high number of repetitions with lighter weight

What high-energy compound acts as a reservoir of energy for the maintenance of a steady supply of ATP?

Creatine phosphate

What is the predominant fuel used by muscle cells during low- or moderate-intensity activity?

Fat

Which of the following activities depletes glycogen most quickly?

Quarter-mile run

What dietary nutrients are most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations?

Carbohydrates

Which of the following diets promotes superior physical performance in athletes?

High-carbohydrate diet

When a marathon runner experiences the phenomenon known as "hitting the wall," what nutrient is most likely depleted?

Glucose

Which of the following is a property of conditioned muscles?

They can store more glycogen

Which of the following is a characteristic of glycogen synthesis after a bout of strenuous training?

Glycogen repletion is enhanced most by eating foods with a high glycemic index

What nutrient is important in the transport of oxygen in blood and in muscle tissue and in energy transformation reactions?

Iron

Which of the following represents current knowledge of the role of vitamin and mineral supplements in physical performance?

Except perhaps for iron and vitamin E, supplements are not recommended because there is no difference in the RDA of physically active people compared with sedentary people

Physical performance is noticeably affected when body water loss first reaches

2%

All of the following are characteristics of heat stroke except

it is rarely fatal

Which of the following would be the best choice for physically active people who need to rehydrate?

Diluted juice or cool water

Which of the following best exemplifies an activity that promotes flexibility?

Yoga

What is the placenta?

An organ from which the infant receives nourishment

A newly fertilized egg is known as a(n)

zygote

During development of the fetus, what organ(s) is/are the first to reach maturity?

Central nervous system and brain

Gestation is generally divided into equal periods of

3 months, called trimesters

All of the following statements are specific to the critical periods of cell division except

high-nutrient-density food fed after the critical period can remedy a growth deficit

An infant born with incomplete closure of the spinal cord has

spina bifida

You are working as a nutrition consultant in a women's health clinic and have been advising patients to make sure they consume about 400 micrograms of folate everyday. One patient is aware that folate helps prevent birth defects but she isn't sure why she should take it if she is not pregnant. Which of the following is the most appropriate reply?

The neural tube develops early on in pregnancy, oftentimes before most women realize they are pregnant

What is the most reliable indicator of an infant's future health status?

Infant's birthweight

To maintain physical fitness during pregnancy, all of the following activities are considered acceptable except

saunas

Jenny has just learned that she is one month pregnant (1st trimester). She has been looking forward to all the ice cream, chips and cakes she has seen women on TV and in the movies eating when they are pregnant. What is the most appropriate advice for Jenny?

She does not have increased energy needs in the first trimester and should not indulge herself

Since repeated pregnancies occurring within short time frames lead to depletion of the mother's nutrient reserves, what is the optimal interval between pregnancies?

1 1/2- 2 years

Which of the following is one of the recommendations to treat pregnancy-associated heartburn?

Eat many small meals

In what period of pregnancy would most damage occur from alcohol consumption?

First trimester

Studies report that folate supplements for women may lower the incidence of neural tube defects of infants when the vitamin is taken during the

month before conception through the first trimester of pregnancy

For the normal-weight woman who becomes pregnant, what is the ideal weekly weight gain from the start of the second trimester and onward?

1 lb

In pregnancy, a large weight gain over a short time is usually an indication of

excessive fluid retention.

Of the following nutrient needs, which is considered the most difficult to meet during pregnancy?

Iron

Which of the following is a feature of calcium nutrition in pregnancy?

Intestinal absorption increases substantially

Which of the following is a characteristic of maternal smoking and breast milk production?

The milk produced by mothers who smoke contains nicotine

Under which of the following circumstances would it still be acceptable for a mother to breastfeed?

She has an ordinary cold

Which of the following is a characteristic of alcohol intake and lactation?

Alcohol easily enters breast milk

According to many experts, what minimum level of alcohol intake increases the risk of giving birth to an infant with fetal alcohol syndrome?

1 drink/day

What is the recommended increase in daily energy intake for the third trimester of pregnancy?

450 kcal

All of the following reflect a state of iron nutrition in pregnancy except

most women enter pregnancy with adequate stores of the mineral.

During pregnancy, which of the following nutrients show a dramatic increase in absorption?

Calcium and iron

Which of the following statements reflects current knowledge of food choices in pregnancy?

Cravings and aversions to certain foods are probably the result of altered taste and smell sensitivities induced by hormones

A craving for non-food substances is known as

pica.

Which of the following is a feature of the WIC program?

It saves an estimated $3 in medical costs in the first two months after birth for every dollar spent

What is the risk of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome for a woman who is 40 years old compared with a 20 year old?

100 times higher

With few exceptions, all of the following substances or practices should be totally eliminated during pregnancy except

artificial sweeteners.

What would be a normal body weight after 1 year for a healthy infant with a birthweight of 8 lbs?

24 lbs

What is the chief reason that breast-fed infants usually need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants?

Breast milk is digested faster

For optimal breast-feeding benefits, it is recommended that the infant be encouraged to suckle on each breast for about

10-15 minutes

Which of the following is a feature of infant development and nutrition?

Breast-fed infants generally score higher on tests of mental development than do formula-fed infants

Breast milk as the sole source of nutrition, up to the first 6 months in healthy infants, is satisfactory for all nutrients except

vitamin D

What is the approximate energy requirement of infants, in kcalories per kilogram body weight?

100

All of the following are features of nutrition and metabolism in infancy except

the protein content in breast milk can be high enough to occasionally induce protein overload

What type of formula is available for infants with milk allergy?

Soy

Low-fat or nonfat milk should not be given routinely to a child until after the age of

two years

A child who drinks a lot of milk at the expense of other foods is at high risk of showing signs of

anemia.