exam 3

a standard of poverty based on a minimum level of substinence

a standard of poverty based on a minimum level of substinence

a social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts

achieved status

a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characterisitics

ascribed status

Karl marx's term for the capitalist class, the owners of the means of production

bourgeoisie

an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits

capitalism

a hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile

caste

a term used by max weber to refer to a group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income

class

in Karl marx's veiw, a subjective awareness of common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social order

class consciousness

a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility

class system

a social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual mobility

closed system

the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period

colonialism

an approach to global stratification that contends that industrialized nations exploit developing countries for their own gain

dependency theory

a system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services.also known as feudalism.

estate system

the reputation that a specific person has earned with an occupation

esteem

a term used by karl marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position

false consciousness

a trend in which women constitute an increasing proportion of the poor people of the US

feminization of poverty

the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas

globalization

the movement of an individual from one social position to another of the some rank

horizontal mobility

salaries and wages

income

changes in the social position of children relative to their parents

intergenerational mobility

changes in a person's social position within his or her adult life

intragenerational mobility

max weber's term for people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living condition, and favorable conditions

life chances

the far-reaching process by which developing nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristics of more developed societies

modernization

a functionalist approach that proposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives op people in developing nations

modernization theory

commercial organization that is headquartered in one country but does business throughout the world

multinational corporation

continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries

neocolonialism

a technique for measuring social class that assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence

objective method

a social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status

open system

the ability to exercise one's will over others

power

the respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society

prestige

Karl marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society

proletariat

a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nations as a whole

relative property

a system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people

slavery

a condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or, power

social inequality

the movement of individuals or groups from one position of a society's stratification system to another

social mobility

a term used by max weber to refer to people who have the same prestige lifestyle, independent of their class positions

status group

the structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society

stratification

the movement of a person from one social position to another of a different rank

vertical mobility

an exclusive term encompassing all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property

wealth

Immanuel Wallerstein's view of the global economic system as divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited

world system analysis

positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational oppurtunities

affirmative action

the use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo

color-blind racism

an interactionist perspective that states that interracial contact between people of unequal status engaged in a cooperative task will reduce prejudice

contact hypothesis

the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups based on some type of arbitrary bias

discrimination

a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its' national origin or distinctive cultural pattern

ethnic group

the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others

ethnocentrism

a marxist theory tat views racial subordination in the US as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism

exploitation theory

in invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity

glass ceiling

a criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation

hate crime

the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society

institutional discrimmination

a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority

prejudice

a sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhibited, transformed, and destroyed

racial formation

a group that is set apart from others because of obvious physical differences

racial group

any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior

racial profiling

the belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior

racism

unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group

stereotype

an emphasis on such concerns as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage

symbolic ethnicity

concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family

expressiveness

expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females

gender role

fear of and prejudice against homosexuality

homophobia

an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions

instrumentality

the term for the convergence of social forces results in increased subordination of low-status women

matrix of domination

the double burden-work outside the home followed by child care and housework- that many women face and few men share equitably

second shift

the ideology that one sex is superior to the other

sexism

behavior that occurs when work benefits are made contingent on sexual favors

sexual harrassment

sorokin

first made the distinction between vertical and horizontal mobility

bell

noted that that modern societies tend to be urban, literate, industrial, and have sophisticated transportation and media systems, and that families in such societies are organized within the nuclear family unit rather than the extended family model

lenski, jr.

critic of the functionalist analysis of stratification notes that while a system of rewards for filing highly expert professions demanding long years of education and skill may once have served the overall purposes of society, this situation no longer exists

rossides

created a five-class typology of the US class system

gans

suggests that is functional for society to have poor people to do society's dirty work at low wages, to provide middle-class jobs for people who serve the poor, and to serve as a measuring rod of status for those with higher positions

dahrendorf

sociologist that has merged marx's emphasis on class conflict with weber's recognition that power is an important element of stratification

weber

maintained that a persons position in a stratification system reflects some combination of their class, status, and power

davis and moore

argue that stratifications is universal and that social inequality is necessary so that people will be motivated to fill functionally important positions

nash

identified 3 functions in which racially prejudiced beliefs serve the dominant group

marx

classical theorist whose work is the basis for an approach to racism which emphasizes that racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs, thereby supplying the capitalist ruling class with a pool of cheap labor

cox, blauner, hunter

used the exploitation theory to explain the basis of racial subordination in the US

wilson

suggested that interracial coalitions would most likely reduce racial and ethnic stereotyping and prejudice

mcintosh

sociologist who became interested in the privileges of being white

thomas

observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation or person but also to the meaning that situation or person has for them

hochschild

did a study on the second shift, which refers to the double-burden put upon women who work outside the home and then come home to childcare and housework

parsons and bales

a)distinguished between instrumental and expressive roles
b)conducted a functionalist analysis of gender roles in the US
c)noted that families benefit from the traditional division of labor between men and women, which ensures that all of societies jobs are completed

brannon and doyle

have identified 5 aspects of male gender roles

engels

wrote the origin of private property, the family, and the state. argued that women's subjugation coincided with the rise of private property during industrialization

sanday

work in indonesia showed a four million member minangkabau society where men and women work as patterns for a common good

wollstonecraft

wrote a vindication of the rights of women

connell

australian sociologist known for coining the term multiple masculinities