NUR 205 Chapter 50 Immune Function Flashcards

Clumping effect occurring when an antibody acts as a cross link between two antigens

agglutination

a protein substance developed by the body in response to an interacting with a specific antigen

antibody

substance that induces the production of antibodies

antigen

the specific area of an antigen that binds with an antibody combining site and determines the specificity of the antigen antibody reaction.

antigenic determinant

programmed cell death that results from digestion of deoxyribonucleic acid by endonucleases

apoptosis

cells that are important for producing a humoral immune response

B cells

the immune systems third line of defense involving the attack of pathogens by T cells

cellular immune response

Series of enzymatic proteins in the serum that when activated destroy bacteria and other cells

complement

generic term for nonantibody proteins that act as inter-cellular mediators as in the generation of immune response.

cytokines

Lympphocytes that lyse cells infected with virus; also play a role in graft rejection

cytotoxic T cells

any component of an antigen molecule that functions as an antigenetic determinant by permitting the attachment of certain antibodies

epitope

emerging technology designed to enable replacement of missing or defective genes

genetic engineering

lympocytes that attack foreign invaders (antigens) directly

helper T cells

the immune systems second line of defense; often termed the antibody response

humoral immune response

The coordinated response of the components of the immune system to a foreign agent or organism

immune response

the collection of organs, cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate the immune response.

immune system

The body's specific protective response to a foreign agent or organism; resistance to disease specifically infectious disease

immunity

study of diseases resulting in dysfunctions within the immune system

immunopathology

complex system of checks and balances that regulates or controls immune responses.

immunoregulation

proteins formed when cells are exposed to viral or foreign agents; capable of activation other components of the immune system.

interferons

substances released by sensitized lymphocytes when they come in contact with specific antigens

lymphokines

cells that are responsible for recognizing antigens from previous exposure and mounting an immune response.

memory cells

lymphocytes that defend against microorganisms and malignant cells

natural killer cells NK

lymphocytes that destroy antigens already coated with the anitbody

null lymphocytes

the coating of antigen antibody molecules with a sticky substance to facilitate phagocytosis

opsonization

cells that engulf ingest and destroy foreign bodies or toxins

phagocytic cells

the immune systems first line of defense involving white blood cells that have the ability to ingest foreign particles

phagocytic immune response

precursors of all blood cells; reside primarily in bone marrow

stem cells

lymphocytes that decrease B cell activity to a level at which the immune system is compatible with life

suppressor T cells

cells that are important for producing a cellular immune response

T cells

This immune system disorder is a normal protective immune response paradoxically turns against or attacks the body leading to tissue damage.

Autoimmunity

When this immune system disorder occurs the body produces inappropriate or exaggerated responses to specific antigens.

Hypersensitivity

This immune system disorder happens immunoglobulins are overproduced

gammopathies

When this immune system disorder occurs a dificiency results from improper development of immune cells or tissues; usually congenital or inherited.

Primary Immune deficiencies

When this immune system disorder occurs a deficiency results from some interference with an already developed immune system usually acquired later in life.

Secondary immune deficiencies

WBC x Neutrophils = ANC

WBC = 6.8 Neutrophils = .53

Then the ANC is ?

ANC = 3.604

A deficient immune system response that is congenital in origin would be classified as what kind of disorder?

a. Autoimmune

b. Gammopathy

c. Natural deficiency

d. Hypersensitivity

c

The immune system is essentially composed of?

a. bone marrow

b. lymphoid tissue

c. white blood cells

d. all of the above

d

The primary production site of white blood cells involved in immunity is the?

a. bone marrow

b. adenoids

c. thymus gland

d. spleen

a

T lymphocytes, descendants of stem cells, mature in the?

a. bone marrow

b. spleen

c. thymus

d. lymph nodes

c

Granulocytes, which fight invasion by releasing histamine, do not include?

a. basophils

b. eosinophils

c. lymphocytes

d. neutrophils

c

The leukocytes that arrive first at a site where inflammation occurs are?

a. B lymphocytes

b. cytotoxic T cells

c. helper T cells

d. neutrophils

d

White blood cells that function as phagocytes are called?

a. basophils

b. eosinophils

c. monocytes

d. lymphocytes

c

An example of biologic response modifiers that interfere with viruses is?

a. bradykinin

b. eosinophils

c. granulocytes

d. interferon

d

The body's first line of defense is the?

a. antibody response

b. cellular immune response.

c. phagocytic immune response

d. white blood cell response

c

The primary cells responsible for recognition of foreign antigens are?

a. Effector

b. Proliferation

c. Recognition

d. Response

b

During the proliferation stage.....

a. antibody producing plasma cells are produced

b. lymph nodes enlarge

c. lymphocytes rapidly increase

d. all of the above occur

d

Antibobies are believed to be a type of?

a. carbohydrate

b. fat

c. protein

d. sugar

c

Cell mediated immune responses are responsible for all of the following except?

a. anaphylaxis

b. graft verus host reactions

c. transplant rejection

d. tumor destruction

a

It is important to realized that cellular membrane damage results from all the following except?

a. activation of complement

b. antibody antigen binding

c. arrival of killer T cells

d. attraction of macrophage

b

Effector T cells destroy foreign organisms by?

a. alternating the antigens cell membrane

b. causing cellular lysis

c. producing lymphokines which destroy invading organisms

d. all of the above mechanisms

d

Helper T cells accomplish all of the following except?

a. alter the cell membrane by causing cell lysis

b. produce lymphokines that activate T cells

c. produce cytokines

d. activate B cells and macrophages

a

Complement acts by?

a. attracting phagocytes to an antigen

b. destroying cells through destruction of the antigens membrane.

c. rendering the antigen vulnerable to phagocytosis

d. a combination of all of the above.

c

Interferon is a lymphokine that exerts its effect by?

a. increasing vascular permeability

b. inhibiting the growth of certain antigenic cells.

c. stopping the spread of viral infections

d. suppressing the movement of macrophages.

d

Trace elements essential for optimum immune function including all of the following except?

a. cholesterol

b. copper

c. manganese

d. selenium

a

Enhances phagosytosis

IgE

appears in intravascular serum

IgM

helps defend against parasites

IgE

activates complement system

IgG

protects against respiratory infections

IgA

influences B lyphoctye differentiation

IgD

prevents absorption of antigents from food

IgA

A protein substance that responds to a specific antigen is ________________

antibody

Enzymatic proteins that destroy bacteria

complement

A substance that stimulates the production of antibodies

antigen

Lymphocytes that directly attack antigens

Helper T

Cells that engulf and destroy foreign bodies

Phagocytes

Proteins formed when cells are exposed to foreign agents?

Interferons

Immune function is affected by a variety of factors what are they?

1. central nervous system

2. integumentary system

3. general physical condition (fitness)

4. emotional status

5. medications

6. dietary patterns

7. stress of illness

8. trauma

9. surgery

____________ is a property of the immune system that provides protection against harmful microbial agents despite the timing of re exposure to the agent.

Immune memory

True or false

Like other blood cells lymphocytes are generated from stem cells.

True

There are two types of lymphocytes what are they?

B cells and T cells

____ cells mature in the bone marrow and then enter circulation

B cells

_________ cells mature in the thymus where they mature into several kinds of cells with different functions.

T cells

True or false?

The spleen composed of red and white pulp acts somewhat like a filter.

True

The ______ pulp is the site where old and injured red blood cells are destroyed.

Red

The ______ pulp contains concentrations of lymphocytes.

white

The _________ remove foreign material from the lymph system before it enters the blood stream.

lymph nodes

True or false

The lymph nodes also serve as center for immune cell proliferation.

True

What is the function of the immune system?

To remove foreign antigens such as viruses and bacteria to maintain homeostasis.

What are the two types of general immunity?

1. Natural (inate)

2. acquired (adaptive)

True or false?

Natural immunity or nonspecific immunity is present at birth.

True

True or false?

Acquired or specific immunity develops after birth.

True

_______ immunity is considered the first line of host defense because it protects the host without remembering prior contact with an infectious agent.

Natural

Natural immunity co coordinates the initial response to pathogens through the production of __________ and other effector molecules.

Cytokines

What cells are involved in the acquired immune response?

1. Monocytes

2. macrophages

3. dendritic cells

4. natural killer cells

5. basophils

6. eosinophils

7. granulocytes

There are two types of lymphocytes what are they?

There are two types of lymphocytes B lymphocytes
(B cells) and T lymphocytes
(Tcells)

Granular leukocytes, or granulocytes ﬁght invasion by foreign bodies or toxins by?

Releasing cell mediators, such as histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins, and engulﬁng the foreign bodies or toxins. Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and ba-sophils.

_____________are the ﬁrst cells to arrive at the site where inﬂammation occurs.

Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs])

_____________ and _________ are other types of granulocytes and increase in number during allergic reactions and stress responses.

Eosinophils and basophils

Nongranular leukocytes include ____________ or _________ (referred to as histiocytes when they enter tissue spaces) and lymphocytes.

monocytes or macrophages

True or false?

The immune system’s recognition of one’s own tissues as “foreign” rather than as self is the basis of many autoimmune disorders.

True

True or false?

Regulatory mechanisms must be in place to suppress or halt the immune response. This is mainly achieved by the production of cytokines and transformation of growth factor that inhibits macrophage activation.

true

______________ immunity usually develops as a result of prior exposure to an antigen through immunization (vaccination) or by contracting a disease, both of which generate a protective immune response.

Acquired (adaptive)

When the body is invaded or attacked by bacteria, viruses,or other pathogens, it has three means of defense. What are they?

1. The phagocytic immune response

2. The humoral or antibody immune response

3. The cellular immune response