Dr. McCollum Anatomy & Physiology II Exam

What are the functions of blood

Distribution, Regulation and Protection

What is the pH of blood

7.35-7.45

What does Hematocrit mean?

blood fraction

What are the 2 parts of blood?

Plasma (55%) and a complex of living cell called formed elements which make up the rest

What are the 2 parts of blood?

Plasma (55%) and a complex of living cell called formed elements which make up the rest

What are the coomponents of blood plasma?

8% protein-plasma volume
60% Albumin-maintain water presssure between blood and tissue
36%-Globulins-plasma proteins

What do alpha and beta proteins do?

transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions and fat soluble vitamins

What are Gamma proteins?

antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response

What is the formation of Red blood cells called?

Erythropoieses

Where does Erythropoises occour?

in the red bone marrow found in the axial skeleton and epiphysis of long bones

Where does Hemoglobin accumulation begin? What does it do?

At early erythroblast and the increast accumulation(34%) eventually forces organelles out the cell and degratation and pinching off of the nucleus

What do reticulocytes represent and what is it an indicator of?

1-2% of all erythrocytes and is an indicator of the rate of red blood cell formation.

What is formation or RBC regulated by?

Erythropoiten(EPO)- produced by the kidneys

Erythropoiten causes what?

Regulation of O2 transport and production of RBCs

What lies in between the layer of plasma and erythrocytes?

The buffy coat

What is the buffy coat?

1% of blood that contains leukocytes and platelets.

What do Leukocytes aka WBCs do?

Help with the body's defense and immune system (4,000-11,000 cells)

What do Leukocytes aka WBCs do?

Help with the body's defense and immune system (4,000-11,000 cells)

What are Basophils?

the rarest of the WBCs that represent 0.5 to 1% of the leukocytes in the bloodstream; contain histamine filled granules that act as a vasodilator and an attractant for other WBCs that bind to immoglubin E which releases histamine

What are Granulocytes?

Phagocytic cells with lobed nuclei which tend to be large and short lived and stain with Wright's stain.

What are Eosinophils?

important for the body's response to parasitic worms and reduce the severity of allergies. they contain a 2 lobe nuclei and granules that stain deep red with an acid dye

What are Neutrophils?

Themost numerous of the WBC (50-70%) they attack bacteria and fungi and stain a liliac color. They have 3-6 lobule nuclei and very fine granules that contain definsins and hyrdolytic enzymes

What are Agranulocytes?

WBCs which lack visible cytoplasmic granules. Contain spherical or kidney shaped nuclei.

What are Lymphocytes?

25% of the WBC population. contain a large nulcei which takes up most of its space; play a crucial role in immunity

What are T-Lymphocytes?

act directly against virus infected and tumor forming cells

What are B-lymphocytes?

give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies that are released in the blood

What are Monocytes?

the body's active phagocytic cells and account for 3 to 8% of the WBCs help in defense against viruses, bacterial parasites, and chronic infections.

Platelets are fragments of a larger cell called a..?

Megakaryocyte

How do platelets help the body?

Blood Clotting

Platelets have granules which contain one or a mixture of....?

Serotonin,calcium ions, enzymes, ADP, and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)

How long to platelets stay in the blood?

10 days

How are platelets kept inactive?

NO2 and prostaglandin I2

Platelet formation is regulated by?

Thrombopoiten

What is Anemia?

a decrease in either RBC number or the ability to the RBC to retain O2

What is a Hemorragic Anemia?

low levels caused by blood loss

What is Chronic Anemia

slow continuous bleeding over time (bleeding ulcer)

What is Acute Anemia?

brief incident causing blood loss.

What is a Hemolytic Anemia?

erythrocytes rupturing or lysing prematurely- (holding in urine)

What is an Aplastic anemia

destruction or inhibitation or red marrow by certain bacterial toxins drugs or radiation

What is the condition when your blood cells increase by moving to a high/low altitude?

Polycythemia

What is iron deficient anemia

caused by inadequate intake of iron containing foods resulting in microcytes.

What is Athletes anemia?

occours after vigorous workout where the blood volume increase as much as 15%

What is pernicious anemia?

Vitamin B12 deficiency; large pale macrocytes are formed as a result

What is Thalassemia?

One of the hemoglobin chains are absent or faulty resulting in thin delicate erythrocytes.

What is sickle cell anemia?

a hereditary disorder that causes the abnormal formation of the beta hemoglobin causing the blood to take on a sickle like shape due to low O2 conditions

What is blood doping?

the practice of removing the blood for later infusion to provide a temporary state of polycythemia to increase performance

What might Leukocytosis or high WBC inicate?

viral or bacterial infection, metabolic disease, hemmhorage or poisoning

What might Leukopenia or low WBC indicate?

typhoid fever,measles, infectious hepatitis, or cirrhosis, tuberculosis, excessive antibodies or Xray therapy

Polycythemia or High RBC may indicate..?

bone marrow cancer, or the need to have more O2 carrying blood cells (high altitudes)

What might low RBC or anemia indicate?

Decrease in RBC number or the ability for the RBC to retain O2

What is a highly contagious viral disease most often seen in children and young adults caused by the Epstein-Barr virus associated with a low grade fever, being tired, and a chronic sore throat?

Infectious Mononucleosis

A clot that forms in an umbroken blood vessel is called?

Thrombus

What is a thrombus that floats freely in the blood vessels called?

Embolus

When a Rh negative has a Rh positive child and becomes exposed to the mothers blood the mother will make antibodies targeting the next Rh positive child.

Hemolytic Disease of the newborn