Soci Test 3

T/F. The racial gap does not vary across jobs with different skill requirements, nor does it vary across occupation categories.

True. Bertrand and Mullainathan found that even among the better jobs in the sample, employers significantly favor applicants with white names.

Which racial group did Bertrand and Mullainathan find was facing differential treatment in searching for jobs?

African-Americans

In Bertrand and Mullainathan's article, what variable was manipulated in the field experiment to test labor market discrimination?

Names were manipulated. Experimenters assigned very White sounding names to half the resumes and very African American sounding names to the other half.

In Bertrand and Mullainathan's article, experimenters found that applicants with White names need to send (blank) resumes to get one callback whereas applicants with Africna Americna names need to send about (blank) resumes.

Those with white names need to send 10 resumes while those with black names need to send 15 resumes creating a 50% gap in callbacks.

True or False. "Compared to whites, African Americans are twice as likely to be employed and earn nearly 25 percent more when they are employed"

FALSE- "Compared to whites, African Americans are twice as likely to be unemployed and earn nearly 25 percent less when they are employed"

Race affects the reward to having a better resume. Whites with a better resume get nearly 30% more callbacks than whites with lower quality resumes. What is the case for blacks?

Having a higher quality resume has a smaller effect for African-Americans.

True/False: There was a systematic difference in the racial gap in callback between occupational categories

False. There was no difference across occupational categories even among jobs that were heavily white and might be looking to match population rates

What are some racial differences of wealth that economists suggested in the Black Wealth/White Wealth article?

Argue that differences include disparate class and human capital credentials(age, education, experience, skills), propensities to save, and consumption pattern

Wealth data reveal that blacks' wealth has (grown/diminished) and at the same time is (gaining/falling behind) that of whites.

Grown

_____ is a particularly important indicator of individual and family access to life chances.

Wealth

Define "racialization of state policy."

"Refers to how state policy has impaired the ability of many black Americans to accumulate wealth and discouraged them from doing so from the beginning of slavery throughout American history."

True/False: It is estimated that institutional biases in the residential arena have cost the current generation of blacks over 100 billion dollars.

False, it actually is estimated around 82 billion.

What kind of paradoxical situation are African-Americans in in terms of wealth?

Their wealth has increased, but not nearly at the same level of whites who continued to accumulate more.

According to Oliver and Shapiro, though blacks have increased their income to comparable levels to whites, they still face racial inequality. Why?

Blacks do not have near the same base levels of wealth that even the white middle-class can draw upon.

What is the main thesis of William Julius Wilson’s The Declining Significance of Race

racial inequality in the United States is more a problem of class than of racial discrimination

Examining the Gini coefficient for blacks finds that inequality increased within the black community until around the mid 1990s

TRUE

According to a United Nations sponsored report, the top 2 percent of the world’s population own over half of the world’s wealth.

TRUE

Has within racial group income inequality increased over the last 30 years? Describe any notable differences.

Yes

How would you describe the trend in black-white and latino white household income ratios over the last 30 years?

They follow closely the trend of overall household income ratios and are very similar

One of William Julius Wilson's main arguments is that racial conflicts do not play a great role any more in the life chances of blacks because these conflicts are no longer economically based but now ________ based)

Politically

True/False: The author argues racial conflicts have disappeared in the United States.

False. There has just been a shift from the economic sector.

Name the system of racial domination established by the white lower class after the end of slavery.

Jim Crow segregation

Name one of the two theories typically used to explain "how class conflicts actually shape and determine race relations."

1) The Marxist Theory of capitalist exploitation or 2) The split labor market theory of working-class antagonism

Define the split labor market theory working-class antagonism

A split labor market is where there is conflict between the employers, high paid workers, and low paid workers. Working class antagonism occurs when there is a large price differential of labor for the same job.

What is one of the three stages of black-white contact?

1) plantation economy and racial-caste oppression, 2) industrial expansion, class conflict, and racial oppression and 3) progressive transitions from racial inequalities to class inequalities

What are the two major explanations of how class conflicts actually shape and determine racial relations

The orthodox Marxist theory of capitalist exploitation and the split labor-market theory of working-class antagonisms.

According to Wilson in Grusky 26, race relations have been shaped by what two types of changes?

economic and political

According to William Julius Wilson, in the modern industrial period, class has become (more, less) important than race in determining opportunity for occuptational mobility?

More

During what period is the progressive transition from racial inequalities to class inequalities?

modern, post WWII

What are the two basic strategies used by minorities when faced with discrimination?

verbal confrontation and withdrawal

What act guarantees that black Americans are "entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations" in public accommodations?

The 1964 Civil Rights Act

Describe the "second eye" that Feagin says frequently determines the way blacks view black-white interaction.

"…You have to decide whether things that are done or slights that are made are made because you are black or just because the person is rude or uncaring…"

Generally speaking, how does Feagin indicate that the black response to modern discriminatory practices has changed since the 1950s and 60s?

A move from "deference" to "vigorous confrontation."

True/False: The individual cost of coping with racial discrimination is the energy spent on evaluating interracial incidents and trying to protect oneself from discrimination.

TRUE

_____________ is now more important than race and Blacks day-to-day encounters with Whites

Economic class position

True/false: Only lower-class Blacks suffer discrimination in today's world.

False. Middle-class Black Americans remain vulnerable to discrimination, especially in public places

T/F: Japan and German consdier racial and ethnic background as synonmyous with citizenship

TRUE

Define "institutional discrimination"

"Discrimination operating through primary institutions in the society (e.g., economy, schools, political system) in their normal operations when race and ethnic inequalities are high due to past discrimination and racism."

Lifetime incomes will become increasingly more unequal if the increasing inequality is not accompanied by what?

Increasing mobility

T/F: According to Bradbury and Katz, research shows that mobility has increased since the 1990s

False- mobility acctually decreased from the 1990s, it had been stable throughout the 1970s-80s

According to Bradbury and Katz, an economy that had a fair amount of mobility year to year (as incomes bounced up and down) and in which families had roughly equal lifetime incomes would be largely based on _____.

Luck

Have incomes in the United States since the 1970s become more equal or unequal?

More unequal which is a reversal of the trend between 1950 and 1970

If increasing inequality is not accompanied by increasing _______ long-run incomes will grow increasingly unequal.

mobility

Explain the differenfce between ascription and achievement based ranking

Ascription is when a rank in a hierarchy is assigned by the circumstances of a person's birth. Achievement is when status is entireley determinant soleley on the consequences of one's own actions taken freely.

The relationship between a mature man's family income in adulthood and his family background ________ during the 1960's and then ___________ from the 1970's through the 1990's.

fell

Human capital is defined as what by economists?

Characteristics, skills, knowledge, and traits that influence a worker's potential earnings. Harding et al say that this definition can be broadened to include characteristics that pay off in the marriage market

Individuals' economic status often depends more on how they fare in the ______Market than on how they fare in the labor market.

Marriage

According to Harding and Jencks et al, family background influences success in the ______ market somewhat more than it influences success in the _____ market.

Marriage

Give an example of horizontal mobility

an electrician employed by General Motors who leaves his or her job for a similar job with Boeing Aircraft.

When people are mobile because of major shifts in the number of jobs in the economy, this is called __________ mobility.

structural, the amount of mobility accounted for by changes in the occupational structure.

A summary of class (or status) attainment studies by Jencks found class background factors account for about how much of class placement?

50%

Blau and Duncan’s status attainment model includes people’s perception of what their significant others think they can do.

FALSE

Describe the difference between horizontal and vertical social mobility. Which is more important for the study of social mobility?

Horizontal social mobility is movement from one position to another of equal occupational rank/prestige, whereas vertical mobility is movement from one occupation position to another of higher or lower rank. Vertical social mobility is more useful for studying mobility within societies.

Describe the difference between intergenerational mobility and intragenerational mobility.

Intergenerational mobility compares the occupational position of parents with their children. Intragenerational mobility compares the occupational position of a person over an extended period of time.

What is social mobility and how is it related to status attainment?

Social mobility research concentrates on the extent and patterns of vertical movements up and down the occupational structure. Status attainment addresses why such change does or does not occur.

Name two methods that researchers can use infer social mobility in early U.S. history.

census records, marriage liscense applications, tax records, cohort analysis, biographic sources

Which group of people are we lacking adequate information on mobility patterns for?

The people at the very top/ the elite

T/F Recruitment into the top, or sponsored mobility is very selective.

TRUE

True/False: Recent changes in unmployment have greatly reduced wage inequality.

No Clue

Desribe the trend in intergenerational income mobilty, 1950-2000.

Mobility has increased from 50-80 but decreased from 80 -2000

How does intergenerational mobilty differ by race?

Quintiles are more sticky as an african american and one is more likely to end up in a lower quintile

Does the US have more or less intergernational mobility than the most other countries with similar per capita income?

Less

Describe how US attitidues towards inequality differ from those of citizens of other countries.

The US believes more so that people get rewarded for their effort, intellegence, and skills and that family background is less important

Desribe how the chances of getting ahead or behind differ by parental income. Not why, but the probabilities of changing relative income quintiles.

Your chances are related to parental income. The high and low quintiles create stickiness for the next generation.

Briefly summarize Bertrand and Mullainathan experimental method and findings.

No Clue

True of false: Occupational status in 1962 is more influenced by education than by first job.

TRUE

What is one way that the stratification system is characterized by?

Surely one of the most important has to do with the processes by which individuals become located, or locate themselves, in positions in the hierarchy comprising the system.

What type of model did the authors provide to explain causal mechanisms of occupational attainment?

Social Psychological Model

True/False: Levels of educational aspiration and occupational aspiration are known to be highly correlated.

True.

What two variables did Blau and Duncan use to describe the early stratification position of each person in their study?

His father's educational attainment and occupational attainment statuses.

The Blau and Duncan model expanded into the Wisconsin model in the 1960s, and added which type of variables to the model?

Psychological variables

When related to a conflict perspective, what is the difference between allocation and attainment?

"An allocation model views the individual as relatively constrained by the social structure, his attainments being determined by what he is permitted to do"

True/False: Inequality in black white unemployment is highly correlated with overall level of unemployment.

TRUE

True/False: Managers with networks rich in structural holes are predicted to be more successful because they build bridges between disconnected parts of the firm where it is valuable to do so.

TRUE

What is the strength of weak ties?

People with a lot of weak ties are considered more central and are able to connect different groups of people together.

In Grusky 52, Granovetter lists four measures that combine to characterize the strength of a tie. Name two.

Amount of time, emotional intensity, intimacy (mutual confiding), reciprocal services

According to the Granovetter, why are weaker ties more advantageous than stronger ties?

Weaker ties tend to form bridges that link individuals to other social circles for information not avaliable in their own social circle.

What is Homans's idea regarding interaction and ties?

"...the more frequently persons interact with one another, the stronger their sentiments of friendship for one another are apt to be"

Briefly describe the forbidden triad.

There are strong connections between persons A and B as well as between A and C. But, the connection (strong or weak) between persons C and B is absent.

Briefly describe personal and social resources.

"Personal resources are possesed by the individual who can use and dispose of them with freedom and without much concern for compensation. Social resources are resources accessible through one's direct and indirect ties."

Name the two types of resources in which individuals can invest for returns.

Personal and Social

Explain the differences between the terms "personal resources" and "social resources".

Personal resources are possessed by the individual who can use and dispose of them with freedom and without much concern for compensation. Social resources are resources accessible through one's direct and indirect ties.

What is the hypothesis of "the strength of weak ties?"

Weaker ties tend to form bridges that link individuals to other social circles for useful information not likely to be available in their own circles.

What is the human capital explanation?

"…inequality results from differences in individual ability."

True/False: Social capital is a quality created between people, whereas human capital is a quality of individuals.

TRUE

Describe structural hole theory.

Social capital is a function of brokerage opportunities in a network. It defines social capital in terms of the information and control advantages of being the broker in relations between people otherwise disconnected in social structure. These people stand on opposite sides of a hole in social structure. The hole is an opportunity to broker the flow of information between people and control the form of projects that bring together people from opposite sides of the hole.

Human capital predicts that returns to intelligence, education, and seniority depend in some part on a person's location in the social structure of a market or hierarchy.

False. Social capital predicts that returns to intelligence, education, and seniority depend in some part on a person's location in the social structure of a market or hierarchy.

The structure of a network indicates the redundancy of its information benefits. There are two network indicators of redundancy. What are they?

The two indicators are cohesion and structural equivalence. Cohesive contacts are strongly connected to each other, are likely to have similar information and therefore provide redundant information benefits. Equivalent contacts link a manager to the same third parties - they have the same source of information and therefore provide redundant information benefits.

What are the three information benefits?

Access, timing, and referrals.

According to Burt, human capital refers to , while social capital refers to .

Individual Ability, Opportunity

The _________ _________ argument defines social capital in terms of the information and control advantages of being the broker in relations between people otherwise disconnected in social structure.

structural hole

______ _______ can be understood as a process by which individuals mobilize and invest resources for reruns in socioeconomic standing.

Status Attainment

______ theory states that "the more frequently person interact with one another, the stronger their sentiments of for one another are apt to be".

Homan's

Managers with networks rich with connections operate somewhere between the force of authority and the dexterity of markets, building bridges between disconnected parts of the firm where it is profitable to do so. There more numerous the _____ ____ are between connections in the firm the more successful a manager will be.

Structural Holes

Which area will have the greatest percentage of population living on less than $1 a day in 2015?

Sub-Saharan Africa

Describe the overall trend in global poverty, 1970 to 2000.

Global poverty has decreased relatively.

The greatest reductions in the percentage of people living below $1 a day are projected to occur in East Asia and the Pacific.

TRUE

Describe the "trickle down" effect.

The 'trickle down" effect asserts that benefits from economic growth will eventually "trickle down to the poor" from the top.

The belief that the best way to help the poor is to help the economy grow and the poor will eventually see benefits is known as _______ economics

Trickle-Down

What does trade liberalization suppose to result in?

Trade liberalization is supposed to result in resources moving from inefficient protected sectors to more efficient export sectors and moving workers from low-productivity jobs to high-productivity ones.

According to Stiglitz, what region of the world has benefited most from globalization and why?

East Asia. They determined their own pace of change in globalization rather than rapidly liberalizing financial and capital markets.

_________ is inevitably accompanied by huge volatility, and this volatility impedes growth and increases poverty

Capital-Market liberalization

True or False: Of the countries in the world, those in Europe have grown the fastest and done most to reduce poverty.

False: Those in East Asia have grown the fastest and have done most to reduce poverty

T/F: Firebaugh argues that the global income inequalities has shifted to inequalities across nations.

False. He argues that inequalitie within nations are becoming more predominant

Describe the two inequality transitions according to Firebaugh.

1) Phase 1: shift from within inequality to between nation inequality

What is the new geography of inequality?

The new geography of inequality refers to the new pattern of global income inequality caused by the recent phenomenon of declining inequality across nations accompanied by (in many places) rising inequality within nations.

T/F Global income inequality across nations has increased in the last years of the twentieth century

FALSE

T/F? With regards ot Globalization, the liberalization of capital markets always brings growth to a country.

False, the results of liberation of capital markets varies according to how it is approached.

Historically the spread of___has been the primary force driving the growth in between nation income inequality.

Industrialization

What region of the world has been identified as experiencing the fastest growth and done the most to reduce poverty?

East Asia

Based on our findings for class, how would describe what has happened to within country inequality across the globe over the last 20 years.

It has relatively decreased