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What is immunity? page 49 |
The body's ability to recognize and remove potentially harmful chemicals and antigens. |
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What is an antigen? page 49 |
Anything that illicits an immune response |
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What is an antibody? page 49 |
Chemical designed to kill one type of antigen |
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Name the body's 3 lines of immune defense? page 50 |
1) Nonspecific Resistance |
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What is the function of "Nonspecific Resistance" ? |
Defend against foreign or abnormal material of any type even on initial exposure. |
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Describe three aspects of "Innate Immunity" ? page 50 |
Recognizes a variety of pathogens as foreign, even on initial exposure. Uses non specific defenses Triggers the slower but more specific acquired immunity |
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Describe three aspects of "Acquired Immunity" ? page 50 |
Develops as a result of previous exposure to antigens. Relies on specific responses mediated by individual lymphocytes to offending antigens Repeated exposure to the same antigen triggers an immediate and enhanced response designed to prevent re-infection. |
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What are 3 one-word characteristics of Acquired Immunity? page 50 |
Specific |
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What are 2 characteristics of Nonspecific Resistance ? page 51 |
Resistance to invasion |
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What are 4 categories of Nonspecific Resistance To Invasion? page 51 |
Mechanical Barriers |
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What are 5 categories of Nonspecific Reactions To Invasion? page 51 |
Inflammation |
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What are the 2 types of Immunity? page 54 |
Cellular |
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Name the 5 key processes to cellular and humoral immunity. page 54 |
Presentation |
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What type of cells are involved in Cellular Immunity? page 54 |
T cell |
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What type of cells are involved in Humoral Immunity? page 55 |
Plasma Cells |
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What is the significant difference(s) between Cellular and Humoral Immunity during the Recognition stage? page 54-55 |
Cellular: T-cells recognize antigen |
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What is the significant difference(s) between Cellular and Humoral Immunity during the Amplification stage? page 54-55 |
Cellular: T-cell multiply themselves Humoral: B-cells divide into plasma and memory cells |
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What is the significant difference(s) between Cellular and Humoral Immunity during the Elimination stage? page 54-55 |
Cellular: Cloned cytotoxic T cells kill antigen via phagocytosis Humoral: Antibodies produced by plasma cells do the killing (Lysing) |
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What is the Neonatal period? page 56 |
First 6 months of life. |
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When is someone considered elderly? page 56 |
50+ |
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What are two types of Vaccination? page 56 |
Active Immunity |
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Describe Active Immunity Vaccinations. page 56 |
Weakened or dead form of antigen is introduced into body. |
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Describe Passive Immunity Vaccinations. page 56 |
Antibodies are injected into the body. |
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What is Hypersensitivity Reactions? page 57 |
Exaggerated or innappropriate immunie responses that can be harmful to the body. |
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What is Self Tolerance? page 57 |
The body's ability to recognize itself and the resulting immunologic unresponsiveness to self, of an otherwise functioning immune system. |
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What are the 4 characteristics of Autoimmune Diseases? page 58 |
Diseases that develop as a result of a breakdown of self tolerance, and the activation of self-reactive T cells. Most often are inherited/genetic predisposition. Thought to be caused by an environmental exposure and a cross reaction with normal tissue. Increased incidence with age. |
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What is a Neoplasia? page 63 |
An abnormal mass of tissue. |
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What is Carcinogenesis? page 64 |
Cancer develops when DNA is damaged, but the cell lives to reproduce the damaged DNA. |
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What is meant by "Multiple Hits & Multiple Factors" in relation to Carcinogenesis? page 64 |
An initial event followed by a series of promoting events. The magic number seems to be 5 |
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List the 4 Oncogenes & Tumor Suppressor Genes. page 64 |
Proto-oncogenes |
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What is a Proto-oncogene? page 64 |
The gene that triggers mitosis in a cell. When stressed becomes an oncogene. |
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What is an Oncogene? page 64 |
Genes found in tumor cells whose activation is associated with the initial and continuing conversion of normal cells to cancer cells. |
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What is a Tumor suppressor gene? page 64 |
Oppose proto-oncogenes and limit cell proliferation. Mutations in these genes allow neoplasms to proliferate. |
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What is a DNA repair gene? page 64 |
Repair non lethal damage in other genes. Damage to these genes allows mutations to be passed on to cell progeny. |
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What are 3 Carcinogenic Agents? page 65 |
Chemical |
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What is metastasis? page 66 |
Travelling through the blood/body. |
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What are the gross features of a Benign tumor? page 66 |
Smooth surface with a capsule |
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What are the gross features of a malignant tumor? page 66 |
Irregular surface with no capsule |
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What are the microscopic features of a benign tumor? page 66 |
Growth by compression of surroundings |
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What are the microscopic features of a malignant tumor? page 66 |
Growth by invasion of surroundings. |
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Name the 4 types of Neoplasia. page 67 |
Benign |
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Describe the 12 steps of the Metastatic Process. page 68 |
1) Clonal expansion, growth, diversification and angigenesis. |
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What are 3 ways in which malignant neoplasms metastasize. page 68 |
Seeding of cancers (spreads through body cavity) Lymphatic spread Hematogenous spread |
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What is Cachexia? page 71 |
Unhealthy weight loss |
