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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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made king the head of the church in England; 1534
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Act of Supremacy
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forced all subjects to take an oath of loyalty; 1534
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Act of Succession
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under his rule, the Anglican church became more Protestant
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Edward IV
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England returns to Catholicism; "Bloody Mary"
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Mary Tudor
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Book of Common Prayer, 39 Articles, politique (1558-1603)
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Elizabeth 1
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creed of Anglican Church; all Protestant groups except Puritans
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39 Articles
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public conformity to Church of England but allowed private practice
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Elizabethan Settlement
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Catholic Reformation, lasting doctrine, salvation by faith + works, Index of Forbidden Books
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Council of Trent
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founded the Jesuits
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Ignatius Loyola
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Ecstast of St. Teresa
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Bernini
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used ordinary people as biblical models
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Caravaggio
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primary motives of the Age of Exploration
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GOD, GOLD, GLORY
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earliest map in 16th century
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Gerardus Mercator
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new inventions of age of exploration
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lateen sail, caravels, magnetic compass, astrolabe, sextants + quadrants, gunpowder, cannons
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Portugal's major colony in the new world
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Brazil
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"The Navigator"
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Prince Henry of Portugal
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spread black legend against Columbus
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De las Casas
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divided up new lands of new world between Spain and Portugal
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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conquered Aztecs
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Cortez
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conquered Incas
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Pizarro
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later became Mexico City
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Tenochtitlan
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colonies exist for benefit of mother country
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mercantilism
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colonists control land worked by natives, which own a portion in return
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Encomienda
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those born in Spain
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Peninsulares
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born in New World, but of European blood
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Creoles
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European and Indian mix
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Mestizo
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European and African mix
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Mulatto
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the big four in the Treaty of Versailles
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Woodrow Wilson (USA), David Lloyd-George (UK), Georges Clemenceau (France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
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wanted Germany to pay for WWI damages
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Clemenceau
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wanted to strengthen Germany to stop Communism
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David Lloyd-George
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1918; no secret treaties, freedom of seas, reduction of arms, self-determination
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Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points
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didn't want to leave Germany resentful after WWI
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Woodrow Wilson
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post-WWI war guilt clause
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Article 231
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Catholic Center and Social Democrate made up it's backbone
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Weimar Republic
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argued immorality of Versailles Treaty
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John Maynard Keyes
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post WWI, gained Syria and Lebanon
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France
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post WWI, gained Palestine and Iraq
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Britain
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MAIN (WWI)
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militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism
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ended WWI
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Treaty of Versailles
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collectivization of farms, Great Purge, 5-year industrial speed plans
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Joseph Stalin
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fascist party in Italy
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Benito Mussolini
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beginning of Italian Renaissance
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end of 100 Years War (1453), fall of Constantinople (1453)
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center of Italian Renaissance (city)
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Florence
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claimed the Renaissance was a period of contrast to the middle ages
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Jacob Burkhardt
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Why did artists flourish during the Renaissance?
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no central authority = no censorship
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overthrew the Medicis and became unofficial leader of Florence 1494-1498
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Savonarola
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the other Renaissance family
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Sforza
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coined the term "humanism"
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Leonardo Bruni
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father of humanism
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Petrarch
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revival of antiquity, individualism, human potential, virtue, Latin and Greek, ancient texts
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Humanism
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education should prepare leaders who would be politically active (principal)
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Civic Humanism
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civic humanist, exposed "Donation of Constantinople" as a fraud; saw errors in Latin Vulgate Bible
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Lorenzo Valla
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Florentine humanist; "Oration on Dignity of Man"; humans created by God with tremendous potential
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Mirandola
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"Book of the Courtier"
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Castiglione
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patron pope for Italian Renaissance art
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Alexander VI
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"The Lives of Artists"
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Giorgio Vasari
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light + dark to create illusion of depth
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Chiaroscuro
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first Renaissance artist in the 1400s
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Giotto
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built the largest dome in Europe at its time of construction
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Brunelleschi
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"Birth of Venus"
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Botticelli
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greatest Venecian painter
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Titian
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economic center of northen Renaissance
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Germany
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differences between Italian Ren. and Northern Ren.
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North: more religion, resented Roman corruption, goal to improve society and reform church
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writings led to criticism of RCC and reformation; "Praise of Folly"
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Erasmus
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called Erasmus a mouth of Satan
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Martin Luther
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"Utopia", beheaded
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Thomas More
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What were the beliefs of Thomas More (two)
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accumulation of private property was root of society's problems; people must sacrifice individual rights to common good
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"Gargantua and Pantagruel"
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Francois Rabelais
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"Don Quixote"
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Cervantes
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invented in 1455, increased literacy, benefitted Protestant Reformation
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Gutenberg Bible
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style of Northern humanist art
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FLEMISH
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most famous Flemish artist; "Arnolfini and his Wife" (1434)
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Jan Van Eyck
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artist focused on lives of ordinary people
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Peter Breughel
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Flemish artists; master of symbolism and fantasy
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Bosch
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Flemish artist; woodcut
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Durer
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premier Flemish portrait artist
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Holbein
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reaction against Renaissance
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Mannerism
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famous mannerist artist
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El Greco
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chronicled accomplishments of woman during Renaissance; "The City of Ladies"
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Christian de Pisan
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politically active woman in Renaissance
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Isabella d'Este
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created standing armies, increased power of upper-middle class, national spirit and unity, reduced clergy power
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New Monarchs after Renaissance
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sough to prevent Protestant Reformation, ended Renaissance in Italy when he attacked Rome (1527)
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Charles V
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ended the War of Roses (family)
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Tudors
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first Tudor ruler, established the Star Chamber
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Henry VII
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principle of the Star Chamber
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nobles tried w/o jury
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accomplishments of Henry VII
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first Navy, more efficient tax collection, promoted trade, not war, prohibits nobles from private armies
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Valois; taxed w/o Estates General's consent, developed new industries to stimulate economy (1461 - 1483)
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Louis XI, "The Spider"
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ruling Dynasty of HRE; Charles V
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Hapsburgs
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lasting French conflict tied to English Reformation
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Hapsburg-Valois Wars
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got the throne after Charles V was abdicated (two)
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Philip II (Spain), Ferdinand (Austria)
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sale of church offices
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Simony
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holding more than one office
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pluralism
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appointing family to office
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Nepotism
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early critic of RCC; leader of Lollards
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John Wycliff
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protected Martin Luther
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Frederick III of Saxony
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principles of Martin Luther
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bible sole source of religious truth, 2 sacraments, priesthood of all believers, faith achieves salvation
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put Martin Luther on trial in 1521, but he refused to recant
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Diet of Worms
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made Martin Luther an outlaw
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Edict of Worms
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division of German states after princes followed Luther
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North = Lutheran
South = Catholic |
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(1524 - 1525) inspired by Luther's challenge to authority
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Peasant's Revolt
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formed by Lutheran princes to defend themselves against anti-Lutheran attacks of Charles V
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League of Schmalkalden
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1555; temporarily ends religious struggle in Germany; "whose the region, his religion" (cuius regio, eius religio)
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Peace of Augsburg
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established theocracy in Zurich; differed from Luther because of EUCHARIST
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Ulrich Zwingli
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1529; split Luther and Zwingli
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Colloquy of Marburg
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the principle that God already knows the fate of humans
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Predestination
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connected development of capitalism with the rise of Calvinism
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Weber Thesis
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French Calvinists
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Huguenots
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1525; religion rejected trinity; John Leyden
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Anabaptists
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emphasized pacifism
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Mennonites
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"Defender of the Faith"; broke w/ RCC
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Henry VIII
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1571; Spain defeats Turkish navy off the coast of Greece
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Battle of Lepanto
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rose to prominence and led 17 Dutch provinces against the Spanish Inquisition
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William of Orange
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After the abdication of Charles V, what caused the Dutch Revolt?
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Philip II instated policies that banned religious liberties
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used the "carrot + stick" approach to win 10 provinces for Spain in the Dutch Revolt
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Alexander Farnese
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rose in 1581; Amsterdam rose to power as it's commercial city
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The Dutch Republic
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English naval ship that defeated the Spanish Armada
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"Protestant Wind"
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Three powerful French families during the rise during the 16th c
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Guise (Catholic), Bourbon (Protestant), Valois (Catholic)
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led the Valois family in the 16th c
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Catherine de Medici
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event ending in the death of 10,000 Huguenots under Henry of Navarre
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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
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politique, converts to Cathocisism twice to save the throne; "Paris is worth a mass"
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Henry IV
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granted Protestants degree of religious tolerance, gave Huguenots more protection (1598) (document)
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Edict of Nantes
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1618-1648; HRE and Spain vs. Protestants and France
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30 Years War
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What are the four phases of the Thirty Years War?
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-Bohemian (1618-1625)
-Danish (1625-1629) -Swedish (1630-1635) -Franco-Swedish Phase (1635-1648) |
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began the Thirty Years War in Bohemia
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"Defenestration of Prague"
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he led the Catholic League in the Danish phase of the Thirty Years War
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Albert von Wallenstein
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took up the Protestant cause in the Thirty Years War; king of Denmark
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Christian IV
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document of Thirty Years War that restored land to RCC and deprived Protestants of their rights (1629)
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Edict of Restitution
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phase of the Thirty Years War that represented the height of Catholic Power
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Danish Phase
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king of Sweden; PROTESTANT
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Gustavus Adolphus
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Thirty Years War battle that prevented Germany from being united under Catholicism
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Battle of Breitenfield
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allied w/ Protestants to defeat HRE in the last phase of the Thirty Years War
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Richelieu
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document ending the Thirty Years War
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Peace of Westphalia
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center of culture and power during the Age of Absolutism
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France
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quintessential absolute monarch of the Age of Absolutism
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Louis XIV
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provided theoretical basis for absolutism
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Jean Bodin
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advocated divine right during reign of Louis XIV
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Jacques Bossuet
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Rich agricultural lands, centralized government, and a powerful army fuel what country's power during the Age of Absolutism?
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France
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Who used the intendant system to weaken nobility in France?
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Richelieu
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Who served as chief minister of France and led The Fronde?
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Cardinal Mazarin
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What did the Fronde influence under the rule of Louis XIV?
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Increased power of the middle-class, decreased power of nobility
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What is forced labor that required peasants to work for a month on public projects?
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Corvee
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"L'etat c'est moi"
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The state is myself - Louis XIV
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What emerged as a major social gathering place during the Age of Absolutism?
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Salons
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In France, where did you have to serve to be exempt from taxes?
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Versailles
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Why were taxes raised in France during the Age of Absolutism?
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to fund wars of the king
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Who served as financial minister of France and saved the state from bankruptcy in 1683?
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert
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In what ways did Colbert prevent bankruptcy in France (three)?
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-funded overseas productivity
-improved infrastructure of buildings -developed merchant marine and improved navy |
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Who revoked the Edict of Nantes?
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Louis XIV
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Who engineered a plan to check the Louis XIV's power and keep himm from having a universal monarchy?
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William III of Orange
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What was the last war of Louis XIV?
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War of Spanish Succession
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Where was the League of Augsburg formed?
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The Netherlands
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Who was England's biggest commerical competitor in the 17th c?
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The Dutch Republic
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What country was famous for it's religious tolerance and cosmopolitan society?
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The Netherlands
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Who were the two famous Dutch artists of the 17th c?
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Rembrandt + Vermeer
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Who painted "The Anatomy Lecture" and "The Night Watch"?
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Rembrandt
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What resulted from the death of Charles II of Spain?
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The War of Spanish Succession
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