Lecture - Test 1 - Anatomy 1

What is the study of the structure of the human body?

anatomy

What is the careful cutting apart of the body structures to study their relationship?

dissection

What is the study of body function?

physiology

BLANK is the study of the microscopic structures of tissues.

histology

What are the tree major branches of anatomy?

gross, microscopic, surface

In this branch of anatomy, structures can be examined without using a microscope such as bones, lungs and muscles.

gross

What area of science explores the microscopic structures of tissues?

histology

What branch of anatomy do clinicians use to locate blood vessels for placing catheters, feeling pulses and drawing blood?

surface

Which branch of anatomy traces the structural changes that occur in the body through the life span and the effects of aging?

developmental

Which branch of anatomy studies how the body structures form before birth?

embryology

Which branch of anatomy focuses on structural changes in cell tissues and organs caused by disease?

pathological

Which branch of anatomy is concerned with body structures that can be visualized with x-rays?

radiographic

Which branch of anatomy explores the functional properties of body structure and assesses the efficiency of their design?

functional morphology

What is the hierarchy of structural organization?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system level, organ system

What is the smallest unit of an element?

atom

What is the smallest particle of a substance that is composed of two or more atoms held together by chemical forces?

molecule

What are the four macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What are the two primary systems of learning anatomy?

systemic, regional

What anatomy system focuses on the structure of specific systems of the body?

systemic

What anatomy system focuses on specific regions of the body such as the head or chest?

regional

Which body system forms external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D and is the site of cutaneous receptors?

integumentary

Which body system protects and supports body organs, provides a framework for muscles, forms blood cells and stores minerals?

skeletal

Which body system is a fast-acting control system and responds to internal and external changes?

nervous

Which body system allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, facial expression, maintains posture and produces heat?

muscular

Which body system secretes hormones that regulate growth, reproduction and nutrient use?

endocrine

Which body system transports blood through blood vessels, carries oxygen and carbon dioxide, and carries nutrients and waste?

cardiovascular

Which body system picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, disposes of debris in the lymphatic system, houses white blood cells and mounts attacks against foreign substances in the body?

lymphatic

Which body system keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide and facilitates gas exchange which occurs through the walls of air sacs in the lungs?

respiratory

Which body system breaks down food into absorbable units and eliminates indigestible foodstuffs?

digestive

Which body system eliminates nitrogen wastes and regulates water, electrolyte and acid-based balance.

urinary

Which systems are responsible for overall function in producing offspring, produces sperm and male sex hormones, produces eggs and female sex hormones and produces milk?

male and female reproductive system

What is the study of anatomy at the macroscopic level?

gross anatomy

What is the name of the standardized position from which to describe directional terms?

anatomical

What characterizes the anatomical position?

standing upright, facing the observer, eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor, arms at the sides, palms turned forward

What is another term for lying face down?

prone

What is another term for lying face up?

supine

What is the name of the group to which humans, cats, dogs, birds, lizards, frogs and fish belong?

vertebrates

Which feature of the human body plan is characterized by the inner tube extending from the mouth to the anus and includes the respiratory and digestive organs?

tube-within-a-tube

True or false, humans are essentially bilaterally symmetrical?

true

What do all vertebrate embryos have running along their back in the medial plane that develops into the brain and spinal cord?

dorsal hollow nerve cord

What is the stiffening rod in the back deep to the spinal cord?

notochord

What do humans develop in the throat region of the digestive and respiratory tube?

pharynx

What are the two main body cavities?

dorsal and ventral

What are the two dorsal cavities?

cranial and vertebral

What are the three ventral cavities?

thoracic, abdominal and pelvic

How many parts is the thoracic cavity divided into?

three

What is a misrepresentation of tissue structures seen in medical images?

artifacts

What modality uses x-ray cinema film to record organ movements?

cineradiography

What modality takes successive x-rays around a person’s full circumference?

computed tomography

What imaging modality provides an unobstructed view of small arteries?

digital subtraction angiography

This imaging modality forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body?

positron emission tomography

In this imaging modality, the body is probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body’s tissues.

sonography

Which imaging modality distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content?

magnetic resonance imaging

What is the smallest living unit in your bodies?

cell

What are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reaction between substances without themselves being consumed in the reaction?

enzymes

What are the two types of metabolism?

anabolism and catabolism

The formation of complex substances from simpler forms

anabolism

What is the breakdown of complex molecules to simple ones?

catabolism

What are the three main components of a human cell?

plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus

What type of membrane protein is firmly imbedded in to the lipid bilayer?

integral

What type of membrane proteins attach to membrane surface?

peripheral

What is the name of the process by which molecules move from a region where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated?

diffusion

What is the diffusion of water across a membrane?

osmosis

What is the mechanism by which large particles enter cells?

endosytosis

What is the word for ‘cell eating’?

phagocytosis

What is the word for ‘cell drinking’?

pinocytosis

What is the name of the protein that causes bending of the cell membrane in order for a molecule to be captured by endocytosis?

clathrin

What is the process in which plasma proteins bind to certain molecules?

receptor-mediated endocytosis

What is the mechanism that moves substances out of the cell?

exocytosis

What is the name of the spherical structure in the cytoplasm?

centrosome

What is the name of the paired cylindrical bodies that consist of 27 short microtubules that act in forming cilla and are necessary for karyokinesis?

centrioles

What is the name of the cells that make and secrete protein component of fibers?

fibroblast

What is the name of the cell whose concave shape provides surface area for uptake of the respiratory gasses?

erythrocyte

What is the name of the hexagonally shaped cells that allow the maximum number of epithelial cells to pack together?

epithelial

What is the name of the cell that fights diseases by moving through tissue to reach infection sites?

macrophage

What is the name of the cell that has long processes for receiving and transmitting messages?

neuron

What is the name of the largest cell in the body?

oocyte

This cell possesses a long tail for swimming to the egg for fertilization.

sperm

What is the name of the first part of interphase?

Gap 1

In this phase, DNA replicates itself and ensures that daughter cells receive identical copies of the genetic material.

S phase

What is the name of the cell phase where centrioles finish copying themselves and enzymes need for cell division are synthesized?

Gap 2

What is the division of the nucleus during cell division?

mitosis

What is the name of the division of the cytoplasm which occurs after the cell divides?

cytokinesis

What are the two theories thought to be attributed to the aging process?

free radical, mitochondrial and genetic theory

What is the name of the “end caps” on chromosomes?

telomeres

What is prevents telomeres from degrading?

telomerase

What is the name of the process of controlled cellular suicide that eliminates cells that are stressed, unneeded, excessive or aged?

apoptosis

A change in cell size, shape or arrangement due to long term irritation or inflammation.

dysplasia

Excessive cell proliferation.

hyperplasia

Growth of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its cell.

hypertrophy

Death of a cell or group due to injury or disease.

necrosis

This tissue type is able to withstand tension.

dense irregular

This tissue type supports stress when pulling force is in one direction

dense regular

This tissue type supports

cushions and protects different organs

This tissue type maintains structure and allows flexibility

cartilage

this tissue type provides tensile strength and allows flexibility

cartilage

This tissue type provides tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock.

fibrocartilage

This tissue type supports and protects organs stores calcium and other minerals.

bone tissue

This tissue type transports gasses and releases wastes.

blood

This tissue type facilitates muscle contraction

voluntary movement

This tissue type pumps blood into the circulatory system.

cardiac

This tissue type facilitates involuntary contraction of substances or objects along intestinal passageways.

smooth muscle

This tissue type allows for transmission of electrical signals.

nerve tissue

This tissue plays a supporting role in finflammation and conveys tissue fluid.

areolar connective tissue

This tissue type provides insulation proteciont and provides energy.

adipose

This tissue type forms soft internal skeletons that support other cells.

reticular

The function of this skin receptor is as a tactile organ located in the dermal papillae

meissner’s

This skin receptor is an oval

highly laminated structure that is sensitive to pressure.

This skin receptor consists of flattened corpuscles located in the deepr layer of the dermis and is sensitive to pressue and warmth.

ruffiinis

This skin receptor is scattered throughout the dermis and senses cold sensations.

krause’s

Which part of an animal cell contains the genetic information or DNA?

chromatin

Which part of the animal cell protects the nucleus?

nuclear envelope

Which part of an animal cell holds the DNA?

nucleus

Which part of an animal cell regulates the passage of particles into and out of the cell and holds receptors?

plasma membrane

Which parts of an animal cell are included in protein synthesis?

rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

Which part of an animal cell removes toxins?

peroxisome

Which part of an animal cell is involved in cell division?

centriole

Which part of an animal cell absorbs nutrients?

micro villi

Which part of an animal cell is the powerhouse responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP?

mitochondria

Which parf of an animal cell is the site of intra-cellular digestion and contains digestive enzymes that destroy and recycle old and/or damaged cells?

lysosome

Which part of an animal cell is the space where all organelles are held together through the cytoskeleton?

cytosol

Which part of an animal cell is responsible for the production of steroids and lipids for the plasma membrane?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which part of an animal cell is the site of assembly of the large and small pieces of the ribosomes?

nucleolus

What is a group of similar cells that perform similar functions.

tissue

What is the science that deals with the study of tissues?

histology

What is the name of a physician who specializes in laboratory studies of cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnosis?

pathologist

What is the name of the tissue that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity?

epithelial

This tissue forms parts of most glands.

epithelial

The purpose of this tissue is protection, absorption, filtration, and forms slippery surfaces.

epithelial

In epithelial tissue, lost cells are quickly replaced by what?

cell division

One layer of cells

simple

More than one layer of cells

stratified

What does the last name of tissue describe?

shape

What does the first name of tissue indicate?

number of cell layers

Cells are wider than tall (plate –like)

squamous

Cells are as wide as tall like cubes.

cuboidal

Cells are taller than they are wide, like columns.

columnar

Not supplied with blood vessels.

avascular

Supplied with nerve endings.

innervated

Single layer, flat cells with disk shaped nuclei.

simple squamous epithelium

What is the slick lining of hollow organs?

endothelium

What is the type of tissue that lines peritoneal, pleural, pericardial cavities and covers visceral organs of those cavities?

mesothelium

What type of tissue is found in renal corpuscles, the alveoli of lungs, the lining of the heart, blood and lymphatic vessels and the lining of the ventral body cavity?

simple squamous epithelium

Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei.

simple cuboidal epithelium

Which tissue type is responsible for passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration and secretes lubricating substances in serosa.

simple squamous epithelium

Which tissue has the functions of secretion and absorption?

simple cuboidal epithelium

Which type of tissue is located in kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands and ovary surface?

simple cuboidal epithelium

Single layer of column-shaped rectangular cells with oval nuclei.

simple columnar epithelium

What is the name of cells that hold mucous?

goblet cells

Which tissue has the function of absorption and secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances?

simple columnar epithelium

What are the two types of simple columnar epithelium?

ciliated and non-ciliated

Which tissue lines the digestive tract, gallbladder and the ducts of some glands?

non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium

Which tissue lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and uterus?

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

According to which layer is stratified epithelial tissue named?

apical

From which layer does stratified epithelium regenerate?

basal

Which is the thickest epithelial tissue adapted for protection from abrasion?

stratified squamous epithelium

Which type of stratified squamous epithelial tissue forms moist lining of body openings?

nonkeratinized

Which tissue functions to protect underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion?

stratified squamous epithelium

Which tissue is rare and found in the male urethra and large ducts of some glands?

stratified columnar epithelium

Which tissue has basal cells that are usually cuboidal or columnar and superficial cells that are dome shaped or squamous?

transitional epithelium

Which tissue stretches and permits distension of the urinary bladder?

transitional epithelium

Which tissue is derived from epithelial cells that sank below the surface during development?

glandular epithelium

Which tissue’s function is secretion which is accomplished by glandular cells?

glandular epithelium single cells or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood.

What are the two main types of glands?

endocrine and exocrine

What does the suffix –crine stand for?

secretion

Mucin + water =

mucus

What types of cells produce mucin?

goblet cells

Goblet cells are an example of what type of exocrine gland?

unicellular

What type of junction holds epithelial cells together?

adherens

What types of junctions are common between cells that line the stomach, intestines and urinary bladder?

tight

What is defined as the inner open space or cavity of a tubular organ such as a blood vessel or intestine?

apical

Two disc-like plaques connected across intercellular space.

desmosomes

Plaques of adjoining cells are joined by proteins called…

cadherins

Which cell junctions let small molecules move directly between neighboring cells and function in intercellular communication?

gap

A thin sheet of protein that underlies an epithelium.

basal lamina

What acts as a selective filter determining which molecules from capillaries enter the epithelium?

basal lamina

What acts as scaffolding along which regenerating epithelial tissue cells can migrate?

basal lamina

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane.

microvilli

whip like, highly mobile extensions of apical surface membranes.

cilia

epithelium derives from which germ layers?

all three

Connective tissue and muscle derive from which germ layer/s?

mesoderm

Nerve tissue derives from which germ layer?

ectoderm

Common embryonic origin.

mesenchyme

What is the most diverse and abundant tissue?

connective

What are the four classes of connective tissue?

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone tissue and blood

What are the two subclasses of connective tissue proper?

loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

What are three types of loose connective tissue?

areolar, adipose and reticular

What are three types of dense connective tissue?

dense irregular, dense regular and elastic

Which tissue is the ‘main battlefield’ in fighting infection?

areolar

Which connective tissue widely distributed under epithelia (subcutaneous layer deep to skin), packages organs and surrounds capillaries?

areolar

Which connective tissue is located under the skin, around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs, within the abdomen and in breasts?

adipose tissue

Which connective tissue is located in the lymph nodes, bone marrow and the spleen?

reticular

Which connective tissue holds organs together like the liver, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow?

reticular

Which connective tissue withstands tension, provides structural strength and is located in the dermis of the skin, submucosa of the digestive tract and fibrous capsules of joints and organs?

dense irregular

Which connective tissue attaches muscle to bone, attaches bone to bone and withstands great stress in one direction?

dense regular

Which connective tissue is located in the tendons and ligaments, the aponeuroses and the fascia around muscles?

dense regular

Which tissue allows recoil after stretching and is located within walls of arteries, in certain ligaments and surrounding bronchial tubes?

elastic

Which connective tissue is firm, flexible, contains no blood vessels or nerves and contains up to 80% water?

cartilage

Which connective tissue supports and reinforces, is a resilient cushion and resists repetitive stress?

hyaline cartilage

Which connective tissue is located in the fetal skeleton, the ends of long bones, the costal cartilage of ribs, and the cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx?

hyaline cartilage

Which connective tissue is similar to hyaline cartilage and has more stretchy fibers in the matrix?

elastic cartilage

Which connective tissue maintains shape of structure and allows for great flexibility?

elastic cartilage

Which connective tissue supports the external ear and is found in the epiglottis?

elastic cartilage

Which connective tissue has a matrix that is similar to but less firm than hyaline cartilage?

fibrocartilage

Which connective tissue has tensile strength and the ability to absorb compressive shock?

fibrocartilage

Which connective tissue is located in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis and discs of knee joints?

fibrocartilage

Which connective tissue consists of a calcified matrix containing many collage fibers?

bone tissue

What secretes collagen fibers and matrix?

osteoblast

Mature bone cells in lacunae.

osteocytes

Which connective tissue supports and protects organs, provides levers and attachment site for muscles, stores calcium and other minerals, and stores fat?

bone tissue

A rigid piece that transmits and modifies force or motion when forces are applied at two points and it turns about a third.

lever

Which connective tissue is an atypical connective tissue that develops from mesenchyme and consists of cells surrounded by a nonliving matrix?

blood tissue

Which connective tissue transports respiratory gasses, nutrients and wastes within blood vessels?

blood tissue

What are the three types of membranes?

cutaneous, mucous, serous

What is another word for the cutaneous membrane?

skin

Which type of membrane lines hollow organs that open to the surface of the body and consists of an epithelial sheet underlain with a layer of lamina propria?

mucous membrane

Which type of membrane is known as a slippery membrane, consists of simple squamous epithelium lying on areolar connective tissue and can be found in the pleural, peroneal and pericardial cavities?

serous

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Which muscle tissue consists of long, cylindrical cells, is multinucleated and has obvious striations?

skeletal muscle

Which muscle tissue functions in voluntary movement, manipulation of the environment and facial expression?

skeletal muscle

Which muscle tissue consists of branching, striated cells, is generally uninucleated and its cells interdigitate at intercalated discs?

cardiac muscle

Which muscle tissue consists of spindle shaped cells with central nuclei and is arranged closely to forms sheets with no striations?

smooth muscle

Which muscle tissue functions in propelling substances along internal passageways and involuntary control and is located mostly on the walls of hollow organs?

smooth muscle

Which connective tissue consists of neurons and glial cells and is found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves?

nervous tissue

Which connective tissue transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors?

nervous tissue