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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Physical requirements
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temperature
ph osmotic pressure |
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Psychrotrophs
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Can live in the refrigerator
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Psychrophiles
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Cold loving microbes
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Mesophiles
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Most common - moderate temperature-loving microbes
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Thermophiles
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Heat loving microbes - live in extreme heat
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Acidophiles
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Organisms that can grow at a low pH
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Osmotic Pressure
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The force with which a solvent moves from a solution of lower solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration
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Plasmolysis
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Shrinkage of a cell's contents (hypertonic solution and cells with cell walls)
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Holophiles
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An organism that requires a high salt concentration for growth
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Carbon
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Back bone structure - 50% of a cell's dry weight
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Nitrogen
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14%
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Sulfur/Phosphorus
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4%
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Trace elements
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A chemical element required in small amounts for growth
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Cofactors
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The nonprotein component of an enzyme
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Obligate aerobes
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An organism that requires molecular oxygen (O2) to live
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Obligate anaerobes
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An organism that does not use molecular oxygen (O2) and is killed in the presence of O2
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Facultative anaerobes
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An organism that can grow with or without molecular oxygen (O2)
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Aerotolerant anaerobes
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An organism that does not use molecular oxygen (O2) but is not affected by its presence
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Microaerophiles
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An organism that grows best in an environment with less molecular oxygen (O2) than is normally found in air
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Catalase
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An enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
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Peroxidase
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An enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide
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Coenzymes
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A nonprotein substance that is associated with and that activates an enzyme
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Culture medium
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The nutrient material prepared for growth of microorganisms in a laboratory
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Culture
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Microorganisms that grow and multiply in a container of culture medium
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Chemically defined media
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A culture medium in which the exact chemical composition is known
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Complex media
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A culture medium in which the exact chemical composition is not known
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Reducing media
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A culture medium containing ingredients that will remove dissolved oxygen from the medium to allow the growth of anaerobes
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Selective media
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A culture medium designed to suppress the growth of unwanted microorganisms and encourage the growth of desired ones
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Differential media
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A solid culture medium that makes it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism
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Enrichment culture (broth)
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A culture medium used for preliminary isolation that favors the growth of a particular microorganism
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Deep freezing
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Preservation of bacterial cultures at 250 degrees C to 295 degrees C
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Lyophilization (freeze drying)
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Freezing a substance and sublimating the ice in a vacuum; also called freeze-drying
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Binary fission
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Prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells
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Generation time
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The time required for a cell or population to double in number
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Lag phase
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The time interval in a bacterial growth curve during which there is no growth
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Log phase
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The period of bacterial growth or logarithmic increase in cell numbers; also called exponential growth phase
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Stationary phase
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The period in a bacterial growth curve when the number of cells dividing equals the number dying
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Death phase
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The period of logarithmic decrease in a bacterial population; also called logarithmic decline phase
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Turbidity
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The cloudiness of a suspension
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Sterilization
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The killing of all microorganisms, including endospores
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Commercial sterilization
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A process of treating canned goods aimed at destroying the endospores of Clostridium botulinum
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Disinfection
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Any treatment used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms; a chemical used is called a disinfectant
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Antisepsis
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A chemical method for disinfection of the skin or mucous membranes; the chemical is called an antiseptic
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Degerming
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The removal of microorganisms in an area; also called degermation
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Sanitization
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The removal of microbes from eating utensils and food preparation areas
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Biocide
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A substance capable of killing microorganisms
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Bacteriacidal
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A substance capable of killing bacteria
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Bacteriostasis
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A treatment capable of inhibiting bacterial growth
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Sepsis
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A toxic condition resulting from the growth and spread of bacteria in blood and tissue
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Asepsis
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The absence of contamination by unwanted organisms
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Factors that influence the effectiveness of Antimicrobial Treatments
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Numbers of microbes
Environmental influences Time of exposure Microbial characteristics |
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Actions of Microbial Control Agents
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Alteration of membrane polarity
Damage to proteins Damage to nucleic acids |
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Autoclave
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Equipment for sterilization by steam under pressure, usually operated at 15 psi and 121 degrees C
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Pasteurization
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The process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens
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Dry heat
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Direct flaming - Buns and burner
Incineration - Denatures proteins |
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Filtration
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The passage of a liquid or gas through a screenlike material; a 0.45-mm filter removes most bacteria
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Desiccation
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The removal of water
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Radiation
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Sterile, physical method
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Ionizing
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Short
Fast |
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Non-ionizing
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Long
Slow |
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Factors that influence effective disinfection
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Disinfectants properties
Concentration - Dilution Nature of organic material used pH of the medium Will it make contact w/microbes Temperature has effect on exposure time |
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Phenol
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OH. Also called carbolic acid
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Phenolics
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A synthetic derivative of phenol used as a disinfectant
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Bisphenols
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Two phenolics bridged together
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Hologens
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One of the following elements: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine
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Tincture
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A solution in aqueous alcohol
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Iodophore
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A complex of iodine and a detergent
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Alcohols
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An organic molecule with the functional group - Good degermer
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Oligodynamic action
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The ability of small amounts of a heavy metal compound to exert antimicrobial activity (silver, mercury, copper & zinc)
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Surface active agents
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Any compound that decreases the tension between molecules lying on the surface of a liquid; also called surfactant
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Quaternary ammonium compounds
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A cationic detergent with four organic groups attached to a central nitrogen atom; used as a disinfectant
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Aldehydes
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An organic molecule with the functional group
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Gaseous chemosterilizers
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Need to look up
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Ethylene Oxide
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Need to look up
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Peroxygens (oxidizing agents)
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A class of oxidizing-type sterilizing disinfectants
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Endospores
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Most resistant
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Gram Positive Bacteria
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Least resistant
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Metabolism
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The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living cell
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Catabolism
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All decomposition reactions in a living organism; the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones
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Anabolism
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All synthesis reactions in a living organism; the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
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Metabolic Pathways
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A sequence of enzymatically catalyzed reactions occurring in a cell
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Substrate
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Any compound with which an enzyme reacts
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Apoenzyme
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The protein portion of an enzyme, which requires activation by a coenzyme
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Cofactor
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The nonprotein component of an enzyme
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Holoenzyme
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An enzyme consisting of an apoenzyme and a cofactor
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Active site
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A region on an enzyme that interacts with the substrate
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Factors influencing enzymatic activity
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Temperature
pH Substrate concentration Inhibitors |
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Oxidation
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The removal of electrons from a molecule
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Reduction
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The addition of electrons to a molecule
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Oxidation - Reduction (Redox) reactions
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A coupled reaction in which one substance is oxidized and one is reduced; also called redox reaction
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Phosphorylation
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The addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule
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Substrate-level Phosphorylation
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The synthesis of ATP by direct transfer of a high-energy phosphate group from an intermediate metabolic compound to ADP
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Oxidative phosphorylation
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The synthesis of ATP coupled with electron transport. More efficient
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Aerobic respiration
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Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2)
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Anaerobic respiration
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Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is an inorganic molecule other than molecular oxygen (O2); for example, a nitrate ion or CO2
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Fermentation
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The enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation, and O2 is not required
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Photoautotrophs
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An organism that uses light as its energy source and carbon dioxide (CO2) as its carbon source
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Photoheterotrphs
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An organism that uses light as its energy source and an organic carbon source
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Chemoheterotrophs
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An organism that uses organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy
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Cheomautotrophs
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An organism that uses an inorganic chemical as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source
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