Neuro phys review

Conductive loss findings: Rinne; Weber

Rinne negative (bone conduction > air)
Weber localizes to affected ear

Sensorineural loss findings: Rinne; Weber

Rinne positive (air > bone)

Weber localizes to good ear

alpha1 receptor

Gq

increase vascular sm mm contraction

alpha2 receptor

Gi

decrease sympathetic outflow, decrease insuline release

Beta1 R

Gs

Increases HR, contractility, renin release, lipolysis, maintains aqueous humor formation

Beta2 R

Gs

vasodilate, bronchodilation, incresae HR, increase contractility, increase lipolysis, and glucagon release

M1 R

Gq

CNS, enteric NS

M2

Gi

decreases HR and contractility

M3 R

Gq

increase socrine gland secretions, increase gut peristalsis, increase bladder contraction

D1 R

Gs

relaxase renal vascular sm mm

D2 R

Gi

modulates transmitter release, esp in brain (inhibits inhibitory pathway... lack of D in Parkinsons --> decreased motion)

H1 R

Gs

increase nasal and bronchial mucus production, contraction of bronchioles, pruiritus, and pain

H2 R

Gs

increase gastric acid secretion (from parietal cells)

V1 R

Gq

increase vascular sm mm contraction

V2 R

Gs

increase H20 permeability and reab in the renal CT's

All "MAD's" are Gi

M2, alpha2 and D2

Gi --> inhibits AC --> decreases cAMP --> decreases PK A

"HAVe 1 M&M" are Gq's

H1, alpha1, V1, M1 and M3

Gq stimulates PLC --> cleaves lipids/PIP2 into IP3 and DAG (former increase Ca influx at cell membrane and latter activates PK C)

what type of R's are nicotinic R's?

Where are they found

ligand gated Na/K channels

all sym and para post ganglionic neuron bodies, adrenal medulla and skeletal mm
*NOT effector organs of parasym (these are all M)

Where are the origins of preganglionic neurons in the parasym system

nuclei of CN III, VII, IX, and X; spinal cord segments S2-S3

post ganglionic neurons in the sym system are all adrenergic (release NE) except which ones?

thermoregulatory sweat glands - cholinergic

What organs are considered to only have sympathetic innervation?

sweat glands
vascular sm mm
pilomotor mm of the skin
liver
adipose tissue
kidney

postganglionic neurons that innervate the kidney use what nt?

dopamine!

Astrocyte functions (4)

Marker:

physical support; repair K+ metab; maintain BBB

GFAP

Ependymal cell functions

Line the ventricles - make CSF (choroid plexes in lateral, 3rd and 4th vents)

Microglia function

derivation

macrophages

mesoderm

All CNS and PNS except microglia is derived from:

ectoderm

Where is NE synthesized

Locus Ceruleus

Where is DA synthesized

ventral tegmentum and SNc

where is 5-HT synthesized

Raphe nucleus

Where is Ach synthesized

basal nucleus of Meynert (part of basal forebrain, degenerated in Alzhiemer's and Parkinson's)

Nucleus for thirst/water balance

supraoptic nucleus

Location of Hunger

Location of Satiety

lateral area of hypoT

ventromedial area

nucleus of circadian rhythm control

suprachiasmatic nucleus

(you need sleep to be charismatic)

Where is heat conservation and production controled

where is cooling system controled (hint: A/C system)

P. hypoT

a hypoT

Where are sexual urges and emotions controled

septal nucleus of hypoT

supraoptic nucleus is good for what?

ADH production and axonal extension

Paraventricular nucleus is good for what?

quick tacos! to tocos... which means birth (oxytocin)

Thalamus nucleui:
VA/VL
LGN
MGN
VPL
VPM

motor
visual (L for light)
hearing (M for music)
body sensation (Dorsal columns and ST)
facial sensation (CN V)

What structures are apart of the wonderful (5 F) limbic system (4)

cingulate gyrus
hippocampus
fornix
mammillary bodies

Nucleus Sollitarius

Visceral Sensory info
taste - barareceptors - gut distension
*VII, IX, X

Nulceus Ambiguus

Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, and upper esoph
(swallowing, palate elevation)
*IX, X, XI

Dorsal motor nucleus of X

Autonomic (para) fibers to heart, lungs and upper Gi tract

The pons is home to which CN nuclei?

V, VI, VII, VIII

(midbrain = III and IV, medulla = IX, X, XI, XII)

Dumbbelss = too much AcH

Diarrhea
urination
miosis,
brady, bronchospasm
excitation of mm
lacrimation
salivation and sweating

superior colliculi function

conjugate vertical gaze center (very close proximity to pineal body)

Foramen spinosum

middle meningeal a

Internal auditory meatus

VII and VIII

Jugular foramen

IX, X, XI and jugular v