Midterm I

Embryo

Hyaline cartilage
Adult --> bone

Red marrow cavity

Hematopoiesis

Joint

Articulation

Compact bone

Smooth and homogeneous

Spongy bone

Trabeculae (bars) of bone, lots of open space

Long bones

Longer than wide, more compact bone
Humerus

Short bones

Cube shaped, more spongy bone
Triquetral

Flat bones

Thin, sandwhich of compact and spongy bone
Sternum

Irregular

Other
Vertebrae

Sesamoid

Short bones of tendons i.e patella

Wormian/Sutural

Between cranial bones

Cranium

Cranial vault and cranial floor

Cranial floor

Anterior, middle, posterior cranial fossae

Perichondrium

Dense irregular connective tissue, surrounds cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

Frosted glass, collagen
Joints, ribs (costal), larynx, nose

Elastic cartilage

More flexible
Ear, epiglottis

Fibrocartilage

Great strength
Knee, vertebrae

Appositional growth

Secrete new matrix against existing bone

Interstitial growth

Chondrocytes in lacunae secrete new matrix from within

Functions of bone

Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral & Growth Factor Storage, Blood Cell Formation

Epiphyseal plate

A disc of hyaline cartilage theat grows during childhood to length the bone >> forms line

Periosteum

Double layered membrane
outer layer = dense irregular tissue
inner layer = osteoblasts (forming), osteoclasts (destroying)

Sharpeys fibers

Secures periosteum to bone, provides anchors for tendons and ligaments

Endosteum

Covers internal bone, has osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Diploe

Name for spongy bone in flat bones

Red marrow

Trabucular cavities of spongy bone in long bone, diploe of flat bone

Osteogenic cells

Actively mitotic stem cells in the peristoneum and endostoneum

Osteon

Structural unit of compact bone
"twister resister"

Lamella

Each individual tube

Central haversian canal

Small blood vessels and nerve fibers

Perforating Volkmans canal

Connect blood and nerve supply of peristoneum to central canal and medullary cavity

Lacunae

Junctions of lamellae, contain osteocytes

Canaliculi

Connect lacunae together

Interstitial lamellae

Incomplete lamellae

Circumferential lamellae

Resist twisting of bone

Spongy bone

No osteons

Osteoid

Organic part of matrix

Bone hardness

CaP crystals

Ossification/Osteogenesis

Bone formation

Hormonal regulation of bone growth

Growth hormone from pituitary, regulated by thyroid hormones

Bone remodeling

Bone deposit and resorption

Osteoclast secretions

Lysosomal enzymes, hydrochloric acid

Blood Ca levels decline

PTH released, osteoclasts reabsorb

Blood Ca levels rise

Calcitonin of thyroid released, bone deposit

Reduction

Realignment of broken bones

Fracture repair

Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

Comminuted fracture

3+ pieces, common in elderly

Compression

Crushed

Spiral

Sports fracture

Epiphyseal

Epiphysis separates from diaphysis

Depressed

Skull

Greenstick

Only one of two bones breaks, common in children

Osteomalacia

Inadequately minearalized
need vit D

Rickets

Epiphyseal plates can not be calcified, long bones
need vit D

Osteoporosis

Bone resorption faster than deposit
needs calcium, vit D, exercise

Paget's disease

Haphazard deposit and resorption, high ratio spongy to compact
need calcitonin

Scoliosis

S shaped vertebral column

Kyphosis

Hunchback

Lordosis

Lumbar weird

Atlas

C1, "yes"

Axis

C2, "no"

Cervical vertebrae

Triangular vertebral foramen, small, light, spinous process short and bifurcated

Vertebra prominens

C7, visible through skin

Thoracic vertebrae

Heart-shaped body, sharp and pointy spinous process

Costal demifacets

Articulate with ribs, thoracic

Lumbar vertebrae

Short shaped spinous process, blocklike body, sturdiest bc lumbar has MOST STRESS
childbirth - anaesthesia between L3 and L4 or L4 and L5

Sacrum

Fusion of five vertebrae

Sacral crest

Fusion of spinal process

Alae

Fusion of transverse process

Sacral hiatus

Vertebral column terminates

Coccyx

Fusion of 3 to 5 irregularly shaped vertebrae, human tailbone

Sternum

Flat bone, 7 pairs of ribs
"tie" - knot - manubrium
body - body
end - xiphoid process

Jugular notch

3rd T vertebrae

Sternal angle

Manubrium and body

Xiphisternal joint

Sternal body and xiphoid process

Ribs

First 7 - true
Next 5 - false - lack sternal attachment

Floating ribs

No sternal attachment

Conoid tubercle

Lateral end (acromial)

Medial epicondyle

Funny bone

Simple squamous epithelium

Diffusion & filtration, protection not important
Kidney, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, serosae

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Secretion & absorption
Kidney tubules, small glands, ovary

Simple columnar epithelium

Secretion & absorption
Stomach, gallbladder, bronchi, uterine tubes

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Secretion
Males, trachea, upper respiratory

Stratified squamous epithelium

Protection
Mouth, esophagus, vagina, epidermis

Transitional

Stretches
Ureter, bladder, urethra

Endocrine/ductless glands

Secrete hormones

Exocrine glands

Unicellular, multicellular

Unicellular exocrine gland

Goblet cell, secretes mucin

Multicellular exocrine gland

Simple vs compound
Tubular vs aerolar vs tubuloareolar

Mecrocrine glands

Secrete via exocytosis

Holocrine glands

Secrete after rupturing

Apocrine glands

Secrete via apex pinching off

Connective tissue

Ground substance, fibers, cells

Ground substance

Interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans (GAGs)
-higher GAG content, more viscous the substance

Collagen

White fibers

Elastic

Yellow fibers

Reticular

"Nets"

Loose connective tissue

Aerolar, adipose, reticular

Dense connective tissue

Regular, irregular, elastic

Areolar

Cushions, immunity, inflammation
Under epithelia

Adipose

Food fuel, heat loss, protects, supports
Breasts, kidneys, skin, eyes

Reticular

Supports other cell types
Lymphoid organs

Dense regular

Mucles to bones, bones to bones
Tendons

Dense irregular

Strength
Dermis, digestive tract, capsules of organs and joints

Neurons

Axons (send), body, dendrites (receive)

Supporting cells

Nourish, support, protect neurons

Muscle

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Cutaneous membrane

The skin

Mucous membranes

Line cavities open to exterior

Serous membranes

Moist membranes of closed cavities

Tissue repair

Regeneration or fibrosis

Steps of tissue repair

Inflammation - blood clot
Organization - restores blood supply (with granulation tissue)
Regeneration or fibrosis (depends on severity of wound)

Weak regenerative capacity

Skeletal tissue, muscle

Homeostatic imbalance: scars

Hamper muscles ability to contract i.e. heart

Germ layers

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Actively mitotic adult cells

Epithelia and blood

Dermis vs epidermis

Only dermis vascularized
Epidermis = stratified squamous
Dermis = dense irregular

Hypodermis

Superficial facia

Karatinocytes

Produce keratin - fibrous - stratum basale - mitotic - fall off when rub skin

Melanocytes

Synthesize melanin - accumulates in granules - left on superficial side of keratinocyte nucleus

Langerhans cells

Epidermal dendritic cells, ingest foreign substances, help immune system

Merkel cells

Associated with sensory nerve ending, Merkel disc, for touch

Thick skin

BSGLC "not bs that g loves c"

Thin skin

BSGC (no L)

Basale

Youngest keratinocytes (aka stratum germinatum), melanocytes, merkel maybe

Spinosum

Pre-keratin filaments, keratinocytes spiny, melanin, Lagerhans

Granulosum

Keratohylaine granules - keratin
Lamellated granules - Slowing water loss

Lucidum

Dead keratinocytes, substance of keratohyaline granules

Corneum

3/4 thickness of epidermis, keratin and thickened PM of cells protect, prevent water loss

Dermis

Papillary and reticular

Papillary layer

Dermal papillae with loops, pain receptors, touch receptors Meissners corpuscles

Dermal ridges

Lie on papillae, cause epidermal ridges & fingerprints

Reticular

Tension lines in skin,

Skin colour

Melanin
Freckles / moles - accumulation of melanin
Carotene - yellowish orange
Hemoglobin - pinkish

Addisons disease

Bronzing - adrenal cortex

Sudoriferous glands

Sweat glands

Eccrine

Merocrine, palms, soles of feet, forehead, simple tubular

Apocrine

Axillary anogenital areas, ducts empty to hair follicles, BODY ODOR

Ceruminous

Modified apocrine in ear canal, EARWAX

Mammary

Sudoriferous gland

Sebaceous gland

Oil, simple branched alveolar, NOT ON PALM OR SOLE

Sebum

Secreted by oil holocrine gland

Functions of hair

Sense insects, heat loss, sunlight, shield eyes, filter air

Hair

Dead keratinocytes (hard keratin: tougher than soft and wont flake off)

Vellus hair

Children, adult females

Terminal hair

Eyebrows, scalp

Alopecia

Baldness
Male pattern - genetically determined

Nail

Hard keratin

Nail matrix

Responsible for growth

Hyponychium

Under free edge of nail

Functions of skin

Protection (human defensin, cathelicidins), body T regulation, sensation, metabolic functions, blood resevoir, excretion

Merkel discs vs Pacinian corpuscles

Caress versus bumps or deep pressure

Basal cell carcinoma

Least malignant, most common
Basal invade demis and hypodermis
Surgical excision

Squamous cell carcinoma

Spinosum, raised lesion
Surgical excision and radiation

Melanoma

ABCD rule, metastatic, resesistant to chemo
DANGEROUS!!

Burn

Causes cell death

First degree burn

Epidermis damaged i.e. sunburn

Second degree burn

Epidermis and upper dermis damaged (partial thickness burns)

Third degree burns

Full thickness, not painful since nerves destroyed, skin graft necessary

Critical burns

>25% second degree, >10% third, or third degree of face, hands, feet