Energy

Process of Digeston includes:

Eating
Digestion-mechanical & chemical
Absorb-microvilli in small intestine, portal circulation, lymphatic circulation
Metabolize-occurs inside the cell in the mitochondria

metabolism converts nutrients into

energy
body structure
waste

Energy yeilding nutrients

carbs 4cal/gram
fats 9cal/gram
protein 4cal/gram
alcohol 7cal/gram

alcohol

considered a drug or toxin
contains no nutrients
metabolized by the liver
can result in fatty deposits in the liver
can interfere with transport activation, catabolism and storage of almost every nutrient

nonenergy yeilding nutrients

vitamins
minerals
water

how many cal/gram are in nonenergy yeilding nutrients?

zero

metabolic pathways

catabolic
anabolic

catabolic

RELEASE ENERGY-- breaking down nutrients into smaller components

anabolic

USES ENERGY--building larger components from smaller ones

Catabolism and Anabolism

are continuously occuring reactions in the body
Usually happening at the same rate--unequal rates during growth, pregnancy and illness

proudcts of digestion that need further catabolism

fats
carbs
protein

products of digestion that can be absorbed w/o further catabolism

Vitamins
Minerals
Water

Final products of catabolism

Carbs-fats-protein=Carbon dioxide, water and energy
PROTEIN=nitrogen

Energy is produced from

catabolism of carbs, fats and protein

Catabolism is based on production of an intermediate product known as

Acetyloenzyme A (Acetl CoA)

AcetylCoA is further metaboloized into the final product

ATP

NADH and FADH are also intermediates produced in the

Krebs Cycle

NADH and FADH enter the electron transport chain and then are

Also converted to ATP

The body prefers to use Carbs for Energy

1st choice carbs
2nd choice fat
3rd choice protein

Nutrient sourcces that produce Acetyl CoA?

Carbs-Glucose
Protein-Amino Acids
Lipids- Fatty Acids

Energy sources

Carbs-broken down into glucose; each glucose is converted into 2 pyruvates

Amino Acids can be broken down into

Pyruvate and then Acetyl CoA

Fatty Acids can also be converted into

Acetyl CoA

Carbohydrate Metabolism

carbs are broken down into their simplest form glucose

Each glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate molecules by

glycolosis

Glycolosis

The process by which 1 glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules

Glycolosis only can occur in the presence of

Oxygen

Glycolosis occurs where?

In the cytoplasm of the cell

Glucose-2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH++++)

Each pyruvate is converted into one AcetylCoA

Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle which produces

NADH, FADH and ATP

NADH AND FADH enter the electron transport system to produce

ATP

Pyruvate is converted into _____which feeds into the krebs cycle.

Acetyl CoA

The Krebs cycle occurs in ____ of the cell?

Mitochondria

The Krebs Cycle can only function in the prescence of

Oxygen

Each turn of the krebs cycle produces

NADH
FADH
1 ATP

____Are required to activate the enzymes needed for the krebs cycle to function

vitamins and minerals

Types of enzymes

Coenzymes
Cofactor

Coenzyme

enzymes that require vitamins in order to be activated EX. coenzyme A require niacin and riboflavin (NADH AND FADH)

Cofactor

enzyme that needs a mineral or electrolte to be activated

Electron Transport System

NADH AND FADH are produced in the krebs cycle enter then elecctron transport chain and then are converted into ATP

ETS is also known as?

respiration and occurs in mitochondria

Net result of energy production?

Glycolisis, Krebs cycle and ETC system

1 glucose yeilds

36 ATP