Trail Guide Ch 1

Sagittal Plane

Divides body into L/R
Flexion (decrease)
Extension (increase)
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion

Frontal Plane

Divides the body into front (anterior)/back (posterior)
abduction
adduction
elevation (shoulder/jaw)
depression (shoulder/jaw)
inversion (non-weight bearing)
eversion (non-weight bearing)
Lateral Flexion

Transverse Plane

Top/Bottom
Rotation
Superior (top)
Inferior (bottom)

Superior (direction)

Closer to head
~Opposite is Inferior
~Transverse Plane

Inferior (direction)

Closer to toes
~Opposite is Superior
~Transverse Plane

Cranial (direction)

Closer to the head
~Opposite is Caudal

Caudal (direction)

Closer to the buttocks
~Opposite is Cranial

Posterior (direction)

Structure toward back body
~Frontal Plane
~Opposite is Anterior

Anterior (direction)

Structure toward front body
~Frontal Plane
~Opposite is Posterior

Medial (direction)

Structure closer to midline
~Opposite is Lateral

Lateral (direction)

Structure away from midline
~Opposite is Medial

Distal (direction)

Structure is further away from trunk of body's midline
~Opposite is Proximal
~Appendicular body

Proximal (direction)

Structure is closer to trunk
~Opposite is Distal
~Appendicular Body

Superficial (direction)

Structure is closer to the body's surface (skin)
~Opposite is Deep

Deep (direction)

Structure is deeper in the body
~Opposite is Superficial

Extension (movement)

Increase joint angle/joints apart
~opposite is Flexion
~Sagittal Plane

Flexion (movement)

Decrease joint angle/joints together
~opposite is extension
~Sagittal plane

Prone

On Stomach

Supine

On back

Adduction (movement)

Limb moves toward the body
~Opposite Abduction
~Frontal Plane
~Appendicular

Abduction (movement)

Limb moves away from body
~Opposite is Adduction
~Frontal Plane
~Appendicular

Medial Rotation (movement)

Limb rotates toward midline
~Opposite: Lateral rotation
~Appendicular

Lateral Rotation (movement)

Limb rotates away from midline
~Opposite: Medial rotation
~Appendicular

Rotation (movement)

Part of the Axial skeleton rotates
~Transverse plane

Circumduction (movement)

Shoulder & Hip Joints only
Combination of flexion, extension, adduction & abduction together like arm or hip circles

Lateral flexion (movement)

Axial skeleton moves to side

Supination (movement)

Forearm up/Arches up
~Opposite Pronation
~Appendicular skeleton
~Eversion

Pronation (movement)

Forearm down/Foot arch down
~Opposite Supination
~Appendicular skeleton
~Eversion

Opposition (movement)

Thumb movement toward the pinkie finger
OM

Inversion (movement)

Foot movement, non weight bearing
~Arches up
~Supination
~Opposite: Eversion
~Frontal Plane

Eversion (movement)

Foot movement, non weight bearing
~Arches down
~Pronation
~Opposite: Inversion
~Frontal Plane

Plantar Flexion (movement of the ankle)

Foot toward earth/down
Bottom of Foot
~Opposite: dorsiflexion
~Sagittal Plane

Dorsiflexion (movement of the ankle)

Food up/away from earth)
Top of foot
~Opposite Plantar flexion
~Sagittal Plane

Protraction (movement)

Anterior, forward movement
Shoulders, head & jaw
~Opposite: Retraction
~Frontal Plane
~Shoulderblades apart

Retraction (movement)

Posterior, backward movement
Shoulders, head & jaw
~Opposite: Protraction
~Frontal Plane
~Shoulderblades together

Elevation (movement)

Superior movement, up of the scapula or jaw
~Opposite: Depression
~Frontal Plane

Depression (movement)

Inferior movement, down of the scapula or jaw
~Opposite: Elevation
~Frontal plane

Deviation (movement)

Mandible movement, wandering mvmt
~Lateral deviation (side to side)