infectious disease

AFB stain

mycobateria, noacardia

silver stain

fungi, spirochetes, pnuomocytis

pas reaction

fungi, protozoans, helminths

india ink, mucicarmine

cryptococcus

KOH prep

dermal/nail fungal infectiosns

he stain/ pap stain

most protazoans, all helminths

supartive inflmation (abcess)

• Cocci: Pneumo-, Gono-, Meningo-, Strepto-, Staphylo-
• Others: M. tuberculosis, S. typhi, fungi

nectrotizing inflmation
dry/wt ggrne

• Gas Gangrene (C. perfringens and septicum)
• Acute Appendicitis → Gangrenous
• Fulminant Viral Hepatitis (HBV, HEV)
• Caseous Necrosis (TB)
• Necrotizing Fasciitis (skin + subcu. tissue → S. pyogenes)
• Necrotizing Viral Myocarditis (enterovirus)

ulcer

• H. pylori
• HSV Type I and II
• T. pallidum → chancres (1° Syphilis)

fibrinous inflam (increase perm of cell wall)

• S. pneumoniae → fibrin-rich pleurisy

o Hemorrhagic Inflammation

• Influenza
• B. anthracis
• Others: Y. pestis, R. rickettsii, N. meningitidis

o Pseudomembranous Inflammation
• formation of pseudo-membrane – necrotic tissue + Fibrin (trapped pathogens)
• located on mucosal surfaces

• C. diphtheriae*
• Shigella ssp.
• C. difficile

o Cytopathic/Cytoproliferative Inflammation

gy: viruses

o Mononuclear and Granulomatous Inflammation

o Intracellular Parasites – Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae, Plasmodia
o Viruses – Hep virus, Polio, EBV

• Granulomatous Inflammations

M. tuberculosis (usually

AFS/Zeils nelson

syphilis - silver stain

sepsis

• Gram (–) Bacteria: Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, E. coli

• Gram (+) Bacteria: Staphylococcus (usually) - ENDOCARTItIS

• Fungi: Candida albicans

• TNF and IFN-γ = primary mediators responsible for negative effects of sepsis