A&P chapter 3

Interstitial Fluid

dilute saltwater solution, which is derived from the blood (in between cells)

Intercellular Fluid

in between the body cells

nucleus

control center

nuclear envelope

double membrane barrier around the nucleus

nuclear pores

penetrate through the fused region of the nuclear envelope

nucleoplasm

enclosed in the nuclear membrane. suspended jellylike fluid

nucleoli

dark staining, round bodies in the nucleus

chromatin

combined with the protein and DNA and is a loose network of bumpy threads

chromosomes

dense, rod-like bodies formed from chromatin

plasma membrane

flexible, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment

hydrophilic

water loving

hydrophobic

water hating

glycoprotein

branching sugar groups that are attached to the most of the proteins abutting the extracellular space. "sugar proteins"

microvilli

tiny fingerlike projections that greatly increase the cell's surface area for absorption so that the process occurs more quickly

"tight junctions"

impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leaked proof sheets that prevent substances from passing through the spaces between the cells

desmosomes

anchoring junctions that prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart

"gap junctions

allow communication.. pass from one item to the next through these

connexons

hollow cylinders composed of proteins that span the entire width of the abutting membranes

cytoplasm

cellular material outside the nucelous and inside the plasma membrane

cytosol

semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements

organelles

metabolic machinery of the cell

inclusions

not functioning units, but chemical substances that may or may not be present depending on the cell type

Mitochondria

tiny thread like organelles, release energy

Ribosomes

tiny, dark bodies made of proteins and ribosomal RNA

Endoplasmic reticulum

a system of fluid-filled cisterns that coil and twist through the cytoplasm. provides a network of channels for carrying substances

Golgi apparatus

stack of flattened membraneous sacs. function is to modify and package proteins

transport vesicles

protein sent to rough ER via this

secratory vesicles

travel to the plasma membrane

lyosomes

"breakdown bodies" appear in different sizes containing powerful digestive enzymes

peroxisomes

membranous sacs containing powerful oridase enzymes taht use molecular oxygen to detoxify a number of harmful substances

free radicals

highly reactive chemcials with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids.

cytoskeleton

acts as the cell's bones and muscles

intermediate filaments

strong, stable rope-like help form desmosomes and provide internal guy wires to resist puling forces on the cell

microfilaments

involved in cell motility, and in producing changes in cell shape

microtubules

tube-like determine the overall shape of a cell and to distribution of organelles

centrioles

rod-like shaped bodies that lie at right angles to each other close to the nucleus

cilia

whip-like cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface

flagella

larger projections formed by centrioles

fibroblast

elongated shape of this cell lies along the cable-like figers that it secretes. it also has an abundant rough ER and a large golgi apparatus, to make and secrete the protein building blocks of these cibers

erythrocyte

carries oxygen in the bloodstream. red blood cells

epithelial cell

abundant intermediate filaments that resist tearing when epithelium is rubbed and pulled

skeletal muscle

elongated and filled w/ abundant contractive filaments, so they can shorten forcefully and move the bones or change the size of internal organs

smooth muscle

same as skeletal muscle

fat cell

spherical shaped, produced by a large lipid droplet in its cytoplasm

macrophage

extends long psuedopods to crawl through tissue to reach infenction sites

nerve cell

long processes for receiving messages and transmitting them to other structures in the body

oocyte (female)

the largest cell in the body. contains many copies of all organelles

sperm (male)

long and streamlined, built for swimming to the egg for fertilization

passive transport

substances that are transported across the membrane without any energy input from the cell

diffusion

the spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward uniform distribution of particles

osmosis

the diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one

facilitated osmosis

provides a passage for substance that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through membrane pores.

filtration

the passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter

concentration gradients

a measurement of the concentration of the molecules

active transport

the cell provides the metabolic energy that drives the transport process

pressure gradient

in filtration, pushes solute-containing fluid from the higher-pressure area to the lower pressure area

solute pumps

protein carriers that use ATP to energize

sodium potassium group

carries sodium ions OUT OF and potassium ions INTO the cell

exocytosis

moves substances out of the cell

endocytosis

encloses ATP-requiring processes by enclosing them in a small mebranous vesicle

phagocytosis

"cell eating"

pinocytosis

"cell drinking"

receptor

mediated endocytosis- main cellular mechanism for taking up specific target molecules

interphase

cell grows and carries on its usual metabolic activities

cell division

cell reproduces itself

mitosis

division of the nucleus (occurs first)

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm (occurs second)

prophase

chromosomes appear, the centrioles seperate from each other, begin to move toward opposite sides of the cell that has mitotic spindles with them, nuclear envelope and nuclei have disapproved by end

chromatid

chromosomes made up of two strands

centromere

small buttonlike body that holds together a chromatid

mitotic spindle

composed of thin microtubules

metaphase

chromosomes cluster and become aligned at the metaphase plate so that a straight line of chromosomes is seen

anaphase

centromeres split and move slowly apart to opposite ends of the cell, anaphase is over when chromosome movement ends

telophase

prophase in reverse

tRNA

small cloverleaf-shaped molecules. protein synthesis

mRNA

long, single nucleotide strands that ressemble half a DNA molecule and carry the message of protein synthesis

transcription

involves the transfer of info from DNA's base sequence into the complementary base sequence of mRNA

Triplet

each three base sequence specifying a particular amino acid on the DNA gene

Codons

the corresponding three-base sequence on mRNA

translation phase

nucleic acids is translated into proteins. occurs in cytoplasm and involves 3 major varieties of RNA

anticodon

special three-base sequence on their "head" that can bind to the complementary codons

apical surface

the one free surface or edge on the membranous

basement membrane

a structureless material secreted by the cells that is rested on by the lower structure of an epithelium

simple epithelium

one layer of cells

simple squamous

a single layer of twin squamous cells resting on a basement membrane

serosae

slick membranous that line the ventral body cavity and cover organs in that cavity

simple cuboidal

one layer of cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane, (common in glands and their ducts)

simple columnar

made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together

goblet cells

produce a lubricating mucus

mucosae

epithelial membrane that line body cavities and open up to the body exterior

psuedo stratified columnar epithelium

rest on the basement membrane. their cells are shorter than others, and their nuclei appear at different heights

stratified squamous

most common, made up of several layers, endure alot of abuse

stratified epithelium

consist of 2 or more cell layers. more durable than simple epithelia

stratified cuboidal

2 cell layers w/ the surface cells that vary in size and shape

stratified columnar

columnar cells, are basel cells that vary in size and shape

transitional epithelium

highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium that forms the lining of the bladdar, uturas, and part of the urethra

endocrine glands

lose connections to the surface. their secretions diffuse directly into the blood vessels that weave through the glands

exocrine glands

retain their ducts, and their secretions empty through the ducts to the epithelial surface

extracellular matrix

nonliving material in connective tissue consisting of ground substance and fibers that seperate the living cells

bone/osseous tessie

consiting of bone cells sitting in lacunae and surrounded by layers of a very hard matrix, protects and supplies support

lucanae

cavities in which bone tissue sit in

cartilage

loss hard and more flexible than bone, only found in few places in the body.

hyaline cartilage

most widespread contains collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix w/ a blue whit appearance

fibrocartilage

forms cushionlike disks between the vertebrae of the spinal column

elastic cartilage

found where a structure w/elasticity is desired

dense connective tissue

made up of collagen fibers and fibroblasts and forms strong, ropelike structures

tendon

attach skeletal muscles to bones

ligaments

connect bones to bones at joints

loose connective tissue

softer, more cells and fewer fibers that any other connective tissue variety in the body, soft and pliable that cushions and protects

adipose tissue

commonly called fat. fat cells predominate in this. insolates the body

reticular connective tissue

consists of delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers associated with reticular cells which resemble fibroblasts

stroma

"bed" or "mattress", framework for free blood cells

blood

connective tissue consisting of blood cells, surrounded by blood plasma... it is a transport vehicle

skeletal muscle

tissue packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs, used voluntarily

cardiac muscle

only found in the heart.. involuntary

intercalouted discs

contain gap junctions that allow ions to pass freely from cell to cell, resulting in rapid conduction of the exciting electrical impulse across the heart

smooth muscle

has no visible striations, found on the walls of hollow organs

neurons

cells that conduct electrochemical empulses from one part of the body to another. irritability and conductivity are characteristics

supporting cells

insulate, support, and protect neurons, make up the structures of the nervous system

regeneration

the replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

fibrosis

repair of dense connective tissue by the formation of scar tissue

neoplasm

"new growth" cells taht fail to honor normal controls on cell division and multiply widely and forms an abnormal mass of proliferating cells may be benign or maligant

hyperplosia

body tissue enlarge due to an irritant

atrophy

decrease in size in an organ or body area when it loses its normal stimulation