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Quiz!
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HUND'S RULE |
orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin state (electrons will distribute themselves evenly if in the same orbital) |
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PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE |
no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers (no two electrons can have the same spin) |
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THE AUFBAU PRINCIPLE |
an electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it (electrons will go into orbitals of lowest energy first) |
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QUANTUM NUMBERS |
specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals (s, p, d, f) |
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ELECTRON CONFIGURATION |
the arrangement of electrons in an atom |
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ORBITAL NOTATION |
an unoccupied orbital is represented by a line, with the orbital’s name written underneath the line |
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NOBLE GAS NOTATION |
take the electron configuration of the noble gas closest to the given element and then write what remains |
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AMPLITUDE |
wave height |
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FREQUENCY |
waves per second |
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WAVELENGTH |
distance between waves |
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CREST |
top of a wave |
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TROUGH |
bottom of a wave |
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HEISENBERG'S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE |
states that it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle |
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EXCITED STATE |
A state in which an atom has a higher potential energy than it has in its ground state |
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GROUND STATE |
The lowest energy state of an atom |
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QUANTUM THEORY |
describes mathematically the wave properties of electrons and other very small particles |
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PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT |
refers to the emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on the metal |
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PHOTON |
particle of electromagnetic radiation having zero mass and carrying a quantum of energy |
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ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION |
a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space |
