Plant growth

3 plant organs

roots
stems
leaves

3 Functions of root system

anchors plant
absorbs minerals and water
stores organic nutrients

Monocots have what type of roots?

Fibrous roots with no main root

Name 3 types of modified roots and an example of each.

Prop root - corn
Storage root - radish bulb
Strangling aerial root - fig tree

The point where leaves attach to the stem

Node

Stem segments between nodes

Internodes

The terminal bud located at shoot tip.

Apical bud

Apical but is responsible for (2 things)

elongation of shoot,
maintaining dormancy in non apical buds (is dominant)

This bud forms lateral shoots or branches

Axillary bud

Example of Modified stems (4)

Rhizomes (underground stems that connect asexual plants)
Bulbs (base of bulb is stem, full of sugar)
Stolons (runners, asexual reproduction above ground/strawberries)
Tubers (underground,sprouts branches, stores lipids, protiens / potatos)

The photosynthetic organ

Leaves

2 parts of the leaf

flattened blade
petiole

the stalk that joins the leaf to the node of the stem

Petiole

Monocots have what type of veins in thier leaves

Parallel veins

Diconts have what type of veins in thier leaves

Branching veins

3 Variations of Dicot leaves

Simple - 1 petiole, 1 leaf (oak)
Compound - 1 petiole, several leaves (ash)
Doubly compound - 1 petiole, several leaflettes, several leaves (honey locust)

How many cell layers thick is the Dermal Layer

1

In non woody plants the dermal layer is called

the epidermis

Waxy coating on epidermis that helps prevent water loss

Cuticle

In woody plants the dermal layer that replaces the epidermis is called

Periderm

Bark is an example of what part of the Dermal layer in woody plants

The Periderm

Outgrowths of shoot epidermis of the dermal layer

Trichromes

3 Functions of Trichromes

Protective from insects
Reflects light
Aromatic (glandular trichromes)

Tissue System that carries out transport of material between the roots and the shoots

Vascular System

2 Vascular Tissue Types

Xylem
Phloem

Moves water and nutrients from roots upward to the shoots

Xylem

Transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed, can travel up or down the vascular system

Phloem

Vascular tissue of Stem or root is collectively called

Stele

The Stele is a solid central vascular cylinder in what part of the plant

the roots

The Stele is in vascular bundles of strands of xylem and phloem in what part (s) of the plant

in the stems and leaves

Any tissue that is not dermal or vascular is

Ground Tissue

Ground tissue internal to vascular tissue

Pith

Ground tissue external to vascular tissue

Cortex

Specialization of cells in structure and function is called

Cell differentiation

5 cell categories

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Water Conducting of Xylem
Sugar Conducting of Phloem

Cell category that retain ability to divide and differentiate

Parenchyma Cells

This cell type is the least specialize, has the most metabolic functions, lacks a secondary wall and is flexible in nature

Parenchyma

This cell type has thick uneven cell walls (like celery), lacks the secondary wall, is grouped in fibrous strands that help support young part of plant shoot, and is flexible

Collenchyma

These cells have secondary cell walls containing ligin

Sclerenchyma

Tough cells found in woody part of tress contain

Ligin

These cells are dead at functional maturity and are very rigid providing a protective function

Sclerenchyma

Two types of Sclerenchyma cells

Sclereids
Fibers

Sclerenchyma cell type with short irregular shape and have thick liginified secondary walls

Sclereids

Sclerenchyma cell type that are long and slender and are arranged in threads

Fibers

Two types of water conducting cells of the xylem

Trachieds
Vessel Elements

Long tapered cells that are the 1st xylem cells to develope and are found in all plants

Trachieds

Xylem cells that align end to end to form long micropipes called vessels (for very quick water movement) and is found only in evolved flowery plants

Vessel Elements

2 types of Sugar Conducting cells of Phloem

Sieve tube element cells
companion cells

Phloem cell lacking ornanelles

sieve tube element

pourous end wall that allows and regulates fluid flow between cells along seive tube

Sieve plate

Cells found with sieve tube cells and shares organelles

Companion Cells

Cells that lie side by side with xylem cells and sieve tube cells

Companion Cells

Plant growth that lasts through out the plants life

Indeterminate growth

Plant growth that ceases to grow at a certain size

Determinate growth

3 types of plant life cycles

Annuals - 1 yr
Biennials - 2 yr
Perennials - lives for many yrs

Perpetually embrionic tissue that allows for indeterminate growth

Meristemic Tissue

Meristem tissue found at tips of roots and shoots and is resposible for elongated growth

Apical Meristem

Type of growth that is the elongated growth in shoots and roots from apical meristem

Primary Growth

Type of growth that adds thickness to woody plants from lateral Meristems

Secondary Growth

Meristem tissue found in woody plants that adds thickness growth

Lateral Meristem

2 types of lateral meristem

Vascular Cambium
Cork Cambium

Lateral Meristem envolved in secondary growth by adding layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem

Vascular Cambium

Lateral Meristem envolved in secondary growth that replaces epidermis with thicker and tougher Periderm

Cork Cambium

Two cell types that meristem tissues give rise to

Initials
derivatives

Cells that remain in the meristem and initiate cell growth

Initials

Cells that arise from the meristem and become specialized in developing tissue and turn into xylem or phloem

Derivatives

Covers root tips and protects apical meristem as root pushes thru soil

root cap

The parts of the root and shoot system produced by apical meristem

Primary Plant Body

3 zones of root growth

zone of cell division
zone of cell elongation
zone of maturation

Vascular cylinder at center of root, single cell layer thick

Root Stele

Ground tissue in the root fills the

Cortex

Region between vascular cylinder and epidermis

Cortex

Inner most layer of cortex that surrounds the vascular cylinder

Endodermis

Site of leaf developement along the side of the apical meristem

Leaf Primordia

Developes from meristemic cells left at the base of leaf primordia

Axillary buds

Lateral shoots develope from what on the stems surface

Axillary Buds

Dicots have vascular tissue bundles with the arrangement of:

a ring

Monocots have vascular tissue bundles with the arrangements of:

scattered bundles thru out the ground tissue near the edge

Pores in leaves which allow CO2 exhange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in leaves

Stomata

Two cells around the stomata which regulate the opening and closing of the pores

Gurard Cells

Ground tissue found between the upper and lower epidermis

Mesophyll

Mesophyll in upper part of leaf

Palisade mesophyll

Mesophyll below palisade mesophyll where gas exchange occurs

Spongy Mesophyll

This protects and encloses each vein in a leaf

Bundle Sheath

Leafs vascular bundles and acts as skeleton

Veins

This type of plant growth occurs in stems and roots but rarely in leaves

Secondary growth

Tissues produced by vascular cambium and cork cambium form the:

Secondary Plant body

This is a cylinder of meristemic cells one cell layer thick developed from undifferentiated parenchyma cells

Vascular Cambium

These increase the circimference and adds secondary xylem to inside and secondary phloem to the outside

Initial cells of the vascular cambium

This accumulates as wood and consists of trachieds and vessel elements

Secondary Xylem

This will not accumulate in secondary growth, it will sloph off

Secondary Phloem

This type of wood is formed in the spring, this has thin walled cells to maximize water

Early wood

This type of wood is formed in the late summer, has thick walled cells and contributes to stem support

Late wood

This is the older layers of secondary xylem; does not transport water

Heartwood

this is the outer layer of secondary xylem; still transports material

Sapwood

Secondary plant body's protective covering that stems from cork cambium

Periderm

This consists of cork cambium and layers of cork cells

Periderm

All the tissues external to the vascular cambium (the secondary phloem and the periderm)

Bark

This allows for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and outside air in the periderm

Lenticles