Anatomy and Physiology Exam 2

structure of plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane

Lipid bilayer
-phospholipids
-Cholestorol
-Proteins
Surface feautues (Cilia, Microvilli)

bone structure

*Shape classifications
*Compact bone forms shafts of long bones
*Spongy (Cancellous bone)
*Periosteum
*Endosteum

Cancellous bone (Spongy)

-less dense
-archlike structure
-rods of bone surrounded by bone marrow
-found at ends of bone and in marrow cavity

Periosteum

-covers exterior of bones
-has fibrous outer layers
-cellular internal layer

Endosteum

-cellular layer that covers internal walls of marrow cavity and central canals of osteons

Bone cell types

-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
-osteoclasts

osteoblasts

-form new bone
-secrete phosphatase (facilitates deposition of bone mineral in organic portion of bone)

osteocytes

maintain mature bone

osteoclasts

-resorb and remodel bone
-secrete acids and enzymes that break down bone mineral

minerals found in bone

62% of bone weight is mineral
-crystalline compound calls hydroxyapatite

Steps of healing

-blood from broken vessels forms clot. Inflammation occurs; phagocytic cells attack bacteria, remoce bone fragments, other debris
-clot if infiltrated by blood capillaries
-clot is replaces by granulation tissue
-fibrocartilage callus is formed around broken bone. callus has both internal and external portions
-new bone forms in callus by invasion of osteoblasts from periosteum, endosteum, and marrow
-callus develops new network of blood vessels
-bony callus is remodeled by activity of osteoclasts to resemble prefracture shape of bone

fracture types

-closed (simple)
-open (compound)
-partial vs. complete
-comminuted
-spiral
-greenstick
-epiphyseal
-displaces vs. nondisplaced

mitosis

two daughter cells carry 4-6 chromosomes each

meiosis

26 chromosomes

difference between diffusion, facilitated diffusion, & osmosis

*DIFFUSION- high concentration -> low concentration
-DOWN concentration gradient
-energetically inexpensive
*FACILITATED DIFFUSION-DOWN concentration gradient
-no energy expenditure required
-requires protein carrier
-glucose and amino acids transported
-availability of carrier proteins limits rate of process
*OSMOSIS- MOVEMENT OF WATER
-cell membrane permeable to water
-water molecules move UP concentration gradient
-LOW->HIGH
-equalize solute concentrations on either side of membrane

major tissue types

connective, muscle, epithelial, neural(nervous)

connective tissue

-store energy
-fill internal spaces
-provide structural support

muscle tissue

-contracts to produce active movement

epithelial tissue

-produce glandular secretions
-protection, absorption, secretion

neural (nervous) tissue

-conducts electrical impulses
-carries information

# of layers epithelia

-simple (1)
-stratified (multiple)
-Pseudostratified (upper respiratory)

cell shape of epithelia

-squamous (flat)
-cuboidal (cube-shaped)
-columnar
-transitional

loose connective tissue

-fibro blasts (secretes proten subunits)
-collagen (straight and unbranched)
-elastic fibers (branched and wavy, contain elastin-some lack blood vessels, tendons & ligaments)
-fat cell
-blood vessels

dense connective tissue

-no blood supply (avascular)
-closed packed collagen fibers
-fibro blasts

fluid connective tissue

-blood and lymph
-erythrocytes (red blood cells)
-fluid elements
*Plasma
*interstitial fluid
*lymph
*serum

supporting connective tissue

-cartilage(chondrocytes) and bone (osteocytes)
-ground substance is gel-like (no blood vessels)

cartilage types

-hyaline (between tips of ribs & bones of sternum)
-elastic (ear)
-fibrocartilage (VERTEBRAE, knee joints, between pubic bones of pelvis, stained blue)

symphisis

between adjacent vertebrae or between the pubic bones of the coxae

fibroblast

-cells of connective tissue
-production of extracellular fibers
-secretion of organic compounds

muscles

*skeletal (voluntary striated)
*cardiac (involuntary striated)
*smooth (involuntary nonstriated)

Two types of nervous tissue

*Neurons
-nerve cells
-conduct electrical impulses (action potentials)
*stimulate muscles to contract
*Glial cells
-supporting cells
-insulation
-clean up

isotonic

equal concentration of solutes on both sides of membrane, not net movement of water molecules

hyptotonic

lower concentration of solutes than that on other side of membrane with the cell, receive net inflow of water and may be hemolyzed as a result

epidermis

external layer, stratified squamous cells

germinativum

deepest, bottom layer, made of Karoten
-MALENOTCYTES ATTACHED TO BASEMENT
-MEMBRANE PRODUCES MELANIN

dermis

-made of dense connective tissue and collagen
-blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, hair follicles (epidermal structure), arrector pili muscles (smooth muscles), sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

epithelium

protection, secretion, absorption
-external covers internal linings