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What is respiration? |
Exchange of gases |
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What are the 5 levels of respiration? |
1) Pulmonary Respiration |
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What is pulmonary respiration? |
exchange of gases between the air and lungs |
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What is external respiration? |
exchange of gases between lungs and blood |
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What is circulation? |
transporting the blood to and from the cells |
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What is internal respiration? |
Exchange of gases between the blood and cells |
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What is cellular respiration? |
the utilization of oxygen and CO2 in the cell |
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What is an example of death by pulmonary respiration? |
Suffocation |
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What is an example of death by external respiration? |
Pneumonia |
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What is an example of death by circulation? |
Heart Attack |
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What is an example of death by internal respiration? |
Blood clot |
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What is an example of death by cellular respiration? |
Poison |
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What are the 6 areas of the functional anatomy of the respiratory system? |
1)Nose and paranasal sinuses |
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What are the 7 parts of the nose and paranasal sinuses? |
1) External nose with nostrils |
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What are the external nares? |
Nostrils |
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What are the nasal conchae? |
Plates in the nose |
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What is the purpose of the nasal conchae? |
To warm, moisten, and clean the air before it goes into the lungs |
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Why is snorting a substance so effective? |
The nasal conchae have a lot of capillaries, so the substance enters the blood stream quickly |
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What are the internal nares? |
Nasal Apetures |
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What are the 4 paranasal sinuses? |
1) Frontal |
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What is the Pharynx? |
Throat |
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What are the 3 parts of the pharynx? |
1) Nasopharynx |
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What does the nasopharynx include? |
Pharyngeal Tonsil (adenoids) |
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What 2 parts does the oropharynx include? |
1) Palatine tonsils |
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Where is the nasopharynx located? |
In the nose |
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Where is the oropharynx located? |
In the mouth |
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Where is the laryngopharynx located? |
In the neck |
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What is the larynx? |
Voicebox |
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What are the 4 functions of the larynx? |
1) Maintaing an open airway |
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What is Valsalva's maneuver? |
Holding breath to build up chest pressure |
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How do you perform Valsalva's maneuver? |
By closing the larynx |
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What are the 4 structures of the larynx? |
1) Hyoid Bone |
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What are the 6 cartilages in the larynx? |
1) Thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence |
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What is the largest cartilage of the larynx? |
Thyroid cartilage |
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Between which 2 cartilages is a cricotomy performed? |
Thryoid cartilage and cricoid cartilage |
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What are the 3 ligaments and membranes of the larynx? |
1) Thryohyoid membrane |
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What are the two types of vocal cords? |
True and False |
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How many vocal cords do you have of each type? |
2 |
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How many vocal cords do you have total? |
4 |
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What is pitch? |
Frequency |
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What is frequency? |
Pitch |
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What is intensity? |
Volume, amplitude, loudness |
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What is volume? |
Intensity, amplitude, loudness |
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What is amplitude? |
Intensity, volume, loudness |
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What is loudness? |
Intensity, volume, amplitude |
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What is timbre? |
Overtones, quality |
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What are overtones? |
Timbre, quality |
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What is quality? |
Timbre, overtones |
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What makes is possible for you to recognize someone's voice? |
Overtones |
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What is the trachea made up of? |
Rings of hyaline cartilage with trachealis muscle |
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What is a tracheotomy versus a tracheostomy? |
A tracheotomy is the surgery itself, while a tracheostomy is maintaing the hole. |
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What are the 3 layers of the trachea? |
1) Mucosa with pseudostratified columnar epithelium and cilia |
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What shape are the cartilage rings of the trachea? |
Horseshoe |
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What are the 9 divisions of the bronchial tree? |
1) Right & left primary bronchi |
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At which level of the bronchial tree is the cartilage replaced with smooth muscle? |
At the Bronchioles |
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Where in the bronchial tree does gas exchange begin? |
At the respiratory bronchioles |
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What is the significance of having smooth muscle around the bronchioles? |
They can become smaller, depending on how much air is taken in |
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What cell type are the alveoli made up of? |
Simple Squamous |
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What do surfactant cells do? |
Lower the surface tension of the alveoli |
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What are the working units of the lungs? |
Alveoli |
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What is the root of the lung? |
Where the lung attaches |
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What is the costal surface of lung? |
Surface against the ribs |
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What is the hilus of the lung? |
The curve against the heart |
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How are the left and right lungs different? |
The left lung is smaller with a cardiac notch and only 2 lobes |
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What are the 2 lobes of the left lung? |
1) Left Superior |
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What are the 3 lobes of the right lung? |
1) Right Superior |
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What is the base of the lung? |
The curved part that sits on the diaphragm |
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Because there are no muscles in the lungs, how do the lungs inhale and exhale? |
They change pressure |
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What are the 3 types of blood vessels in the lungs? |
1) Pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries |
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What are the 3 types of pleurae in the lungs? |
1) Parietal pleura |
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What is pleurisy? |
Inflammation of the pleurae |
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What are the 3 types of pressure in the thoracic cavity? |
1) Atmospheric Pressure |
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What is atmospheric pressure? |
Pressure outside the body |
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What is Intrapulmonary pressure? |
Pressure in the lung |
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What is Intrapleural pressure? |
Pressure between the lung and chest cavity |
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What is characteristic about inspiration? |
Alveolar air pressure must be below atmospheric pressure |
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What are 5 steps to inspiration? |
1) Phrenic nerve carries down impulse from brain |
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What is Boyle's law? |
Volume Increase = Pressure Decrease P1V1=P2V2 |
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What is characteristic about expiration? |
Alveolar air pressure must be above atmospheric pressure |
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What is passive exhale? |
Elastic recoil of extended/displaced tissues |
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What is forced exhale? |
Exhale caused by the abdominal muscles, diaphragm, and internal intercostal muscles |
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What are 3 physical factors that influence pulmonary ventilation? |
1) Airway resistance |
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What does surface tension do? |
Draws liquid molecules closer together & resists any force to increase the surface area of the liquid |
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What is lung compliance? |
The amount of stretch in the lungs |
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How does in a young person's lung compliance compare to an old person's? |
Their lungs will have higher compliance, meaning they'll stretch more |
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What 4 things can diminish lung compliance? |
1) Reduced natural resilience of the lungs. Like from scare tissue |
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How does lung compliance and energy compare? |
The lower the lung compliance, the more energy it takes to breath |
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What is tidal volume? |
Volume moved in/out during normal breathing |
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What is residual volume? |
Volume that remains in the lungs |
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What is vital capacity? |
Maximum volume that can be exhaled |
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What is total lung capacity? |
Maximum volume of air the lungs can hold |
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What are 7 non-respiratory air movements? |
1) Cough |
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What is Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure? |
The pressure exerted by each gas is proportional to the percentage of that gas in the mixture |
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What 3 elements make up our atmosphere? |
1) Nitrogen |
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What percentage of the atmosphere is oxygen? |
21% |
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What percentage of the atmosphere is carbon dioxide? |
0.04% |
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What is Henry's Law? |
When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proprotion to its partial pressure |
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In what part of the body are the oxygen levels the highest? |
Lungs |
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In what part of the body are the oxygen levels the lowest? |
Cells |
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In what level of the body are the carbon dioxide levels the highest? |
Cells |
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In what level of the body are the carbon dioxide levels the lowest? |
Lungs |
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What is coupling? |
Matching of the alveolar ventilation and pulmonary blood profusion |
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What is a structural characteristic of the respiratory membrane? |
The membrane needs to be very thin and have a large amount of surface area |
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What is the primary molecule for oxygen transport? |
Hemoglobin |
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Why is hemoglobin so large in size? |
So it doesn't leak out of the blood vessels |
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What percent of oxygen is transported by hemoglobin? |
98% |
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What is oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)? |
Hemoglobin combined with Oxygen |
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What 3 things does the amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin depend on? |
1) Concentration of CO2 |
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When the concentration of Carbon Dioxide is increased, is the amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increased or decreased? |
Increased |
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When the pH of the blood is increased, is the amount of oxygen relased from oxyhemoglobin increased or decreased? |
Decreased |
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When the temperature of the blood is increased, is the amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increased or decreased? |
Increased |
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What is the Bohr Effect? |
Oxygen is released where it is most needed |
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In the body, where is oxygen usually most needed? |
In the capillaries of the tissues that are working |
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Where does the remaining 2% of oxygen go, when it is not being carried by hemoglobin? |
It is dissolved in the plasma |
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What is the significance of Carbon Monoxide? |
It combines with hemoglobin more efficiently than Oxygen |
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How are patients treated, that have had carbon monoxide poisoning? |
They are treated with high levels of oxygen laced with carbon dioxide |
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What is the importance of treating carbon monoxide poisoned patients with carbon dioxide? |
The carbon dioxide levels increases the respiratory rate to quickly remove the carbon monoxide |
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What percent of Carbon Dioxide is dissolved in the blood? |
7-10% |
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What percent of carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin? |
20% |
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What is the Haldane effect? |
The lower the oxygen there is, the more carbon dioxide that hemoglobin can carry |
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How does 70% of carbon dioxide molecules travel? |
Bicarbonate ions |
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What is a chlorine shift? |
When Chlorine ions go through membranes to equalize the electrical potential |
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What is the direction of blood flow for oxygen? |
Lungs -> Blood -> Cells |
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Where is oxygen released in the body? |
Where it is needed |
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What is the direction of blood flow for carbon dioxide? |
Cells -> Blood -> Lungs |
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Where is carbon dioxide released in the body? |
In the Lungs |
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What are 2 Neural Mechanisms for respiration in the body? |
1) Medullary Respiratory Centers |
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What are the 2 areas of the Medullary Respiratory Centers? |
1) Dorsal Respiratory Group |
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What is the Dorsal Respiratory Group? |
The area the stimulates the phrenic and intercostal nerves for inspiration |
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What 2 things does the Pons Respiratory Center do? |
1) Smooths out the transitions between inhaling and exhaling |
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What respiratory center is responsible for SIDS? |
Medullary Respiratory Center |
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What are 3 factors that influence breathing rate and depth? |
1) Pulmonary irritant reflexes |
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What 4 things contribute to the higher brain centers for breathing? |
1) Hypothalamus |
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What is hypoxic drive? |
When patients who retain CO2 no longer pay attention to the PCO2 and rely solely on PO2 |
