Developmental Psych: Ch. 9

No psychological theory has had a greater impact on Western culture and on thinking about personality and social development than what theory?

Psychoanalytic theory

For Freud, behavior is motivated by what?

The need to satisfy basic drives

For Erikson, behavior is motivated by what?

A series of developmental crises related to age and biological maturation.

What brought Freud to his theory of psychosexual development?

He noticed that some of his patients had neurological symptoms with no biological cause and became convinced that these problems were emotional and originated in early childhood relationships, esp. w/ parents.

Psychic energy

Biologically based, instinctual drives that fuel behavior, thoughts, and feelings (Freud).

Erogenous zones

Areas of the body that are erotically sensitive (i.e. mouth, anus, genitals).

id

(1) earliest and most primitive of three personality structures
(2) source of psychic energy
(3) ruled by the pleasure principle

(Freud)

pleasure principle

Maximizing pleasure maximally quickly

According to Freud, first and strongest love-object in one's life.

The mother

Ego

(1) develops in the first year, after id
(2) resolve conflicts between the id's demands for immediate gratification and the restraints imposed by the external world
(3) ruled by the reality principle
(4) plays an increasingly important role -- but never completely controls the id

(Freud)

reality principle

Trying to find ways to satisfy the id that accord with the demands of the real world.

oral stage

(1) age 0-1
(2) erotic gratification comes from sucking and eating
(3) id and ego develop

(Freud)

anal stage

(1) age 1-3
(2) erotic gratification comes from defecation
(3) parents demand children control their impulses and delay gratification

(Freud)

phallic stage

(1) age 3-6
(2) erotic gratification comes from genitals
(3) gender differences emerge
(4) girls: penis envy
(5) superego develops to cope with intense sexual desires
(6) internalization of parents' rules and standards
(7) Oedipus/Electra complex

(Freud)

latency period

(1) age 6-12
(2) relative calm; sexual desires are hidden away in unconscious

(Freud)

genital stage

(1) age 12+
(2) sexual energy reemerges; now directed at opposite-sex peers.

(Freud)

Trust vs. Mistrust

(1) age 0-1
(2) critical issue: developing a sense of trust
(3) parents should: warm, consistent, and reliable

(Erikson)

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

(1) age 1-3.5
(2) critical issue: achieve a strong sense of autonomy while adjusting to increasing social demands
(3) parents should: be supportive

(Erikson)

Initiative vs. Guilt

(1) age 4-6
(2) children identify and learn from their parents
(3) child constantly setting goals and working to achieve them
(4) parents should: not be highly controlling

(Erikson)

Industry vs. Inferiority

(1) age 7-12
(2) children master cognitive and social skills; cooperate with peers
(3) success creates confidence, but failure creates feelings of inadequacy

(Erikson)

Identity vs. Role Confusion

(1) adolescence to early adulthood
(2) adolescents must find who they really are or live in confusion about what roles they should play as adults

(Erikson)

Learning theories

(1) Watson
(2) Skinner
(3) Social Learning

Watson

(1) Behaviorism: conditioning
(2) Said parents should be distant and objective toward their children
(3) Led to systematic desensitization

Skinner

(1) Behaviorism: operant conditioning
(2) Led to behavior modification therapy

Social Learning Theory

Bandura

(1) Emphasizes observation and imitation
(2) Encoding, storing, retrieving
(3) Reciprocal determinism
(4) Perceived self-efficacy

Reciprocal determinism

Children are subject to the environment yet influence it themselves

Perceived self-efficacy

Individual's beliefs about how effectively he can control his behavior, thoughts, and emotions

Primary weakness of the learning approach

lack of attention to biological influences and role of cognition in influencing behavior

Ethology

the study of behavior in an evolutionary context

Parental-investment theory

stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior, including the extensive investment parents make in their offspring

Role taking

Adopt the perspective of another person, to think about something from another person's point of view

Self-socialization

Children's active shaping of their own development

Dodge's information-processing theory

(1) encode
(2) interpret
(3) formulate a goal
(4) generate strategies
(5) evaluate
(6) enact

hostile attributional bias

(1) the general expectation that others are hostile to oneself
(2) prevalent among highly aggressive children

mastery orientation

(1) tendency to attribute success/failure to effort
(2) tendency to persist despite failure

helpless orientation

(1) tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self
(2) tendency to give up in the face of failure

entity theory

a theory that a person's intelligence is fixed and unchangeable

incremental theory

a theory that intelligence is not fixed and can grow as a function of experience