Mosby's Therapeutic Massage: Chapter 1
Key terms for Chapter 1, The Body as a Whole
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT |
The transport of substances into or out of a cell using energy. |
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ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) |
A compound that stores energy in the muscles. When ATP is broken down during catabolic reactions, it releases energy. |
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ANABOLISM |
The study of the structures of the body and the relationships of its parts. |
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APICAL SURFACE |
The surface of an epithelial cell that is exposed to the external environment. |
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ATOM |
The smallest particle of an element that retains and exhibits the properties of that element. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
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ATROPHY |
A decrease in the size of a body part or organ caused by a decrease in the size of the cells. |
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BASAL SURFACE |
The tissue surface that faces the inside of the body. |
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BASEMENT MEMBRANE |
A permeable membrane that attaches epithelial tissues to the underlying connective tissues. |
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CARBOHYDRATES |
Sugars, starches, and cellulose composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
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CARDIAC MUSCLE FIBERS |
Smaller, striated, involuntary muscle fibers (cells) in the heart that contract to pump blood. Identification resembles striped ginger root. |
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CATABOLISM |
Chemical processes in the body that release energy as complex compounds are broken down into simpler ones. |
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CELL |
The basic structural unit of a living organism. A cell contains a nucleus and cytoplasm and is surrounded by a membrane. |
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COLLAGEN |
A protein substance composed of small fibrils that combine to create the connective tissue of fasciae, tendons, and ligaments. When combined with water, it forms gelatin. Collagen constitutes approximately one fourth of the protein in the body. |
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COLLAGENOUS FIBERS |
Strong fibers with little capacity for stretch. They have a high degress of tensile strength, which allows them to withstand longitudinal stress. Fibers are tough, strong, minimal stretch and white. |
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE |
The most abundant type of tissue in the body, connective tissue supports and holds together the body and it's parts, protects the body from foreign matter, and is organized to transport substances throughout the body such as blood and plasma. |
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COMPOUND |
Substances made up of different kinds of atoms. |
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CYTOSOL |
The fluid that surrounds the nucleus or organelles inside the cell membrane. |
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CYTOPLASM |
Material enclosed by the cell membrane. |
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CYTOSKELETON |
A framework of proteins inside the cell providing flexibility and strength. |
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DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY |
How anatomy changes over the life cycle. |
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DIFFUSION |
Movement of ions and molecules from an area of higher concentration to that of a lower concentration. |
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DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID |
Genetic material of the cell that carries the chemical "blueprint" of the body. |
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ELASTIC FIBERS |
Connective tissue fibers that are extensible and elastic. They are made of a protein called elastin, which returns to its original length after being stretched. |
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ELEMENT |
Substance containing only a single kind of atom. |
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ENDOCYTOSIS |
The cellular process of engulfing particles located outside the cell membrane into a cell by forming vesicles. |
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) |
A network of intracellular membranes in the form of tubes that is connected to the nuclear membrane. |
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ENERGY |
The capacity to work. Work is movement or a change in the physical structure of matter. |
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EPITHELIAL TISSUES |
A specialized group of tissues that cover and protect the surface of the body and its parts, line body cavities, and form glands. Epithelial tissue usually are found in areas that move substances into and out of the body during secretion, absorption, and excretion. Sheet like layers function as protection, absorption, filtration and secretion. |
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EXOCYTOSIS |
The movement of substances out of a cell. |
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GROSS ANATOMY |
The study of body structures visible to the naked eye. |
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HIGH-ENERGY BONDS |
Covalent bonds created in specific organic substrates in the presence of enzymes. |
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HOMEOSTASIS |
The relatively constant state of the internal environment of the body that is maintained by adapative responses. Specific control and feedback mechanisms are responsible for adjusting body systems to maintain this state. |
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HYPERTROPHY |
An increase in the size of a cell, which results in an increase in the size of a body part or organ. |
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IMPERMEABLE |
The quality of not permitting entry of a substance. |
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INORGANIC COMPOUNDS |
Chemical structures that do not have carbon and hydrogen atoms as the primary structure. |
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INTERPHASE |
The period during which a cell grows and carries on its activities. |
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ION PUMPS |
Carriers that transport substances into or out of a cell using energy. |
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LIPIDS |
Organic compounds that have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms but in a different proportion than that of carbohydrates. |
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LYSOSOME |
Cell organelle that is part of the intracellular digestive system. |
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MATRIX |
The basic structure between the cells of a tissue. Matrix is composed of an amorphous ground substance consisting of molecules that expand when water molecules and electrolytes bind to them. As much as 90% of connective tissue is ground substance. Fibers make up the other component of matrix. |
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MEIOSIS |
A type of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the normal number of chromosomes, forming two reproductive cells. |
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MEMBRANE |
A thin, sheetlike layer of tissue that covers a cell, an organ, or some other structure; that lines a tube or a cavity, or that divides or separates one part from another. |
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METABOLISM |
Chemical processes in the body that convert food and air into energy to support growth, distribution of nutrients, and elimination of waste. |
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METABOLITES |
Molecules synthesized or broken down inside the body by chemical reactions. |
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MICROVILLI |
Small projections of the cell membrane that increase the surface are of a cell. |
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MITOCHONDRIA |
Cell organelles of rod or oval shape that provide energy for cellular activity. |
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MITOSIS |
Cell division in which the cell duplicates its DNA and divides into two identical daughter cells. |
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MOLECULE |
A combination of two or more atoms. A molecule is the smallest portion of a substance that can exist separately without losing the physical and chemical properties of that substance. |
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MUSCLE TISSUE |
A specialized form of tissue that contracts and shortens to provide movement, maintain posture, and produce heat. |
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NERVOUS TISSUE |
A specialized tissue that coordinates and regulates body activity. It can develop more excitability and conductivity than other types of tissue. |
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NUTRIENTS |
Essential elements and molecules that are obtained from the diet and that are required by the body for normal body fuction. |
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ORGANELLES |
The basic components of a cell that perform specific functions within the cell. |
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS |
Substances that have carbon and hydrogen as part of their basic structure. |
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OSMOSIS |
Diffusion of water from a region of lower concentration of solution to a region of higher concentration of solution across the semipermeable membrane of a cell. |
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PASSIVE TRANSPORT |
Transportation of a substance across the cell membrane without the use of energy. |
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PHAGOCYTOSIS |
The process of endocytosis followed by digestion of the vesicle's contents by enzymes present in the cytoplasm. |
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PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER |
Cell membrane made up of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. |
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PHYSIOLOGY |
The study of the structures of a particular area of the body. |
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PROTEINS |
Substances formed from amino acids. |
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REGIONAL ANATOMY |
The study of the structures of a particular area of the body. |
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RETICULAR FIBERS |
Delicate, connective tissue fibers that occur in networks and support small structures, such as capillaries, nerve fibers, and they basement membrane. Reticular fibers are made of a specialized type of collagen called reticulin. |
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RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) |
A type of nucleic acid. Contained within the nuculeolus. Forms ribosomes. |
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SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS |
Large, cross-striated cells that are connected to the skeleton and are under voluntary control of the nervous system. Identification resembles bamboo with nuclei on the surface. |
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SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS |
Muscle fibers that are neither striated nor voluntary. These muscle cells help regulate blood flow through the cardiovascular system, propel food through the gut, and squeeze secretions from glands. Identifcation resembles pod with nucleus in the center. |
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SURFACE ANATOMY |
The study of internal organs and structures as they can be recognized and related to external features. |
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SYSTEM ANATOMY |
The study of the structure of a particular body system. |
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TISSUE |
A group of similar cells that work together to perform a common function. |
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THE FOLLOWING ARE FROM BOOK AND CLASS DISCUSSION NOTES |
THE FOLLOWING ARE FROM BOOK AND CLASS DISCUSSION NOTES |
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KINESIOLOGY |
The study of movement (bones and muscles). |
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PATHOLOGY |
The study of disease. |
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ANATOMY |
The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another. |
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WHAT ARE THE 7 LEVELS OF BODY ORGANIZATION? |
1. Chemical |
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MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY |
The study of body structures, cells and tissues that can only be seen through a microscope. |
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PHYSIOLOGY |
The study of how the body and its parts work or function. |
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SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY |
The study of the structure of a particular body system. |
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REGIONAL PHYSIOLOGY |
The study of the structures of a particular area of the body. |
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PROTONS |
Positive charge - Yang |
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NEUTRONS |
Neutral charge |
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ELECTRONS |
Negative charge - Yin. Involved in all chemical reactions to make a molecule. |
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IONIC BOND |
One or more electrons from one atom are removed and attached to another atom, resulting in positive and negative ions which attract each other. |
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ELECTROLYTES |
Negatively charged molecules with ions that conduct electrical currents. Necessary for nerve and brain function. |
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COVALENT BOND |
Two or more atoms share electrons such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2). |
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POLAR COVALENT BONDS |
Electrically neutral. Have the same number of neutrons and protons. Hydrogen bonding helps create larger molecules such as proteins and DNA. |
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INORGANIC COMPOUNDS |
Do not contain carbon or hydrogen atoms. |
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS |
Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. |
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LIST THE 10 BASIC STRUCTURES FOUND IN CELLS |
1. Cell membrane |
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LIST THE 11 BODY SYSTEMS |
1. Integumentary |
