Drugs!

What are sources of most antifungal antibodies?

Monomorphic molds

site of action of antifungal antibodies

Ergosterol (fungal cell membranes)

Polyene compounds

Amphoteracin B
Nystatin
Toxic, so use topically only

Imidazole compounds

Ketaconazole
Micronazole
inhibit ergosterol synthesis in cell walls; less toxic than amphotericin B

Antifungal antibodies

Polyene compounds, Imidazole compounds, Griesofulvin

Antifungal drugs

Benzoic acid
Undecylenic acid

Amphotericin B

source: Streptomyces nodosus
Polyene compound
Used for blastomycosis, histoplasmosis
Disrupts cell membrane, affinity for ergosterol
renal toxicity

Griesofulvin

source: Penicillium griesofulvin
inhibits growth of dermatophytes in epidermis
administered orally

Nystatin

source: Streptomyces nouresi
High systemic toxicity--only use topically
Polyene compound
Used for candidiasis

Ketoconazole

Imidazole compound
treat blastomycosis

Benzoic acid

local antifungal drug
fungistatic and keratolytic activity
treat dermal mycotic infections

Undecylenic acid

Local antifungal drug
fungistatic activity
treat superficial fungal infections

Bacteriocidal

Drug that kills infective bacteria; use these when host defense mechanisms are defective/impaired

Bacteriostatic

Drug that inhibits growth of bacteria but does not kill it; use this when host is immunocompetent

Drugs acting on permeability of cell membrane

Polymixins

Drugs acting on cell wall (peptidoglycan synthesis)

Bacitracin, Cephalosporins, Penicillins

Drugs acting on nucleic acids (nucleic acid synthesis)

Quinolones, Rifampin, sulfonamides, trimethoprim

Drugs acting on ribosomes (protien synthesis)

Aminoglycosides, Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Lincomycin, Tetracyclines

Polymyxins

Action on permeability of cell membrane
Polymyxin B, Polymyxin D (Colistin)
source: Bacillus polymyxa
used topically

Polymyxin B

Polymyxin; action on cell membrane permeability
used topically
often in eye ointments

Polymyxin E

Polymyxin; action on cell membrane permeability
Treats systemic infections

Bacitracin

Action on cell wall (inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis)
source: Bacillus subtilis
works on gram pos bacteria
used topically

Cephalosporins

Action on cell wall (inhibition of peptidoglucan synthesis)
source: Cephalosporium species
beta-lactam antibiotics; bacteriocidal
Cephaloridine, Cepalothin

Penicillins

Action on cell wall (inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis)
source: Penicillium notatum
beta-lactam antibiotics; bacteriocidal
Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Penicillin G

Penicillin G

Penicillin (act on cell wall)
beta-lactam antibiotic; bacteriocidal
Narrow spectrum of activity against gram pos bacteria

Ampicillin

Penicillin (act on cell wall)
Beta-lactam antibiotic; bacteriocidal
Broad spectrum of activity on gram pos and gram neg bacteria

Carbenicillin

Penicillin (act on cell wall)
Beta-lactam antibiotic; bacteriocidal
Broad spectrum of activity on gram pos and gram neg bacteria

Rifampin

Action on nucleic acid (inhibits mRNA synthesis)
treats TB in humans
blocks mRNA synthesis by bacterial RNA polymerase (no affect on human RNA poly.)

Quinolones

Action on nucleic acid (inhibits dsDNA synthesis)
treats systemic bacteria infections
Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid

Ciprofloxacin

Quinolones (act on nucleic acids)
inhibit ds DNA synthesis

Nalidixic acid

Quinolones (act on nucleic acids)
inhibit ds DNA synthesis
treats urinary tract infections

Sulfonamides

Analog of PABA
Sulfanilamide, sulfadizine, sulfamerazine
block synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid (needed for nucleic acid synthesis)
affects bacteria needing preformed folic acid
antibacterial drug

Trimethoprim

Dihydrofolate reductase
inhibits enzyme dihydrofolate reductase
antibacterial drug

PABA

para-aminobenzoic acid

Chloramphenicol

Act to inhibit protein synthesis
source: streptomyces venezuelae
act at 50S subunit
used against most gram neg and gram pos; can suppress bone marrow (lead to anemia)

Chloretetracycline

Act to inhibit protein synthesis
source: Streptomyces aureofaciens
use vs. gram pos and gram neg
act at 30S subunit

Erythromycin

act to inhibit protein synthesis
source: Streptomyces erthreus
act at 50S subunit
broad spectrum of bacterial infections

Kanamycin

act to inhibit protein synthesis
source: Streptomyces kanamycelius
act at 30S subunit
use vs. gram neg (not anaerobic)

Lincomycin

Act to inhibit protein synthesis
source: Streptomyces lincolensis
act at 50S subunit
use vs. aerobic bacterial infections

Neomycin

act to inhibit protein synthesis
source: Streptomyces lincolensis
act at 50S subunit
use against gram neg (not anaerobic)

Oxytetracycline

act to inhibit protein synthesis
source: Streptomyces rimosus
act at 30S subunit
use vs. gram pos and neg

Streptomycin

act to inhibit protein synthesis
source: Streptomyces grieus
use against gram neg bacteria (no anaerobic)

Clindamycin

semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin
use vs. anaerobic bacterial infections

Aminoglycosides

Amikacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Neomycin, Streptomycin
Act on 30S subunit
use vs. aerobic gram neg bacteria

Tetracyclines

Chlortetracycline, tetracyline, oxytetracycline
use vs. gram pos and gram neg

Chemicals that act on cell membrane

Alcohols, Acids, Alkalis, Detergents, Phenols

Chemicals that act on protein

Chlorine cmpds, formaldehyde gas, iodine cmpds, heavy metals, H2O2

Chemicals that act on DNA

crystal violet

Alcohol(s) used as chemical disinfectants

ethanol

acids used as chemical disinfectants

Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid; acetic, benzoic, citric, and propionic acids used as food preservatives

alkali(s) used as chemical disinfectants

sodium hydroxide (2%)
decontaminate inanimate objects

detergents

benzalkonium chloride

phenol(s) used as chemimcal disinfectants

methylphenol
hexachlorophene

Heavy metals used as chemical disinfectants

Merbromin (mercurochrome)
Thimersol (merthiolate)
silver nitrate eye drops
use with humans more than with animals

Antiseptics (definition)

Chemical disinfectants able to be used safely on mucous membranes and skin

how to determine rate of microorganism death

concentration of chemical
length of time chemical is applied

Phenol coefficient

ratio of conc. of phenol to conc. of chemical required to do same action
>1: more effective than phenol
<1: less effective than phenol

methylphenol

active ingredient in Lysol
cresol
disinfectant for inanimate objects

chlorine as a disinfectant

chlorine purifies water
hypochlorite disinfects inanimate objects

ethylene oxide gas

sterilization of heat sensitive materials

oxidizing agents as disinfectants

Chloride, Iodine, Hydrogen peroxide

radiation as a disinfectant

UC light decontaminates surfaces of biological hoods (250-260 nm)
X-rays can sterilize various types of foods

classical sequence of surgical site preparation

Hexachlorophene soap; sterile water rinse; 70% ethanol in water; tincture of iodine, sterile surgical drapes

Heat as a disinfectant

Dry Heat (glassware), Autoclaving (moist heat), pasteurization (edible fluids)

What is Amantadine used to treat?

Human Influenza A Virus (inhibits uncoating)

What is Acyclovir used to treat?

Human Herpes Simplex 1 and Simplex 2 viruses

What is Azidothymidine (AZT) used to treat?

HIV

What is DDI (Dideoxyinosine) used to treat?

some DNA viruses (Acts to inhibit DNA synthesis)

What is Marboran used to treat?

Human Variola Virus (prevents replication of poxvirus by stopping nucleocapsid assembly)

What is action of virazole?

Inhibits synthesis of guanine nucleotides, inhibiting viruses
Drug = ribavirin
used for respiratory infections

What is action of interferons?

Heterologous group of glycoproteins
inhibits growth of animal viruses by blocking translation of viral proteins
used as chemotherapeutic agent