Biology first semester study gudie

the metric unit of volume

liter

for ease of understanding, scientist report measurements using the

SI or metric system

Whether applications of science to everyday life are considered good, bad, right, or wrong comes under the category of

ethics

Counts or measurements are examples of data produced by _________ research

quantitative

IN an experiment, the _________ group is used to test the effect of the independent variable

experimental

A ________ is based on the analysis of data collected in a controlled experiment

conclusion

a brain scan is an example of

technology

________ is a possible explanation for a scientific question

hypothesis

______ is used to make small details of an object visible to a scientist

microscope

Biologist discover problems by ______ the world around them

observing

The them e that reflects the idea that there has been a gradual change in the characteristics of species over the time is ________

evolution

Living things adjust to a stimulus by a reaction called a(n) ________

response

Living things change during their lives through ________ and _______

growth and development

all living things _______ to make more living things

reproduce

the study of plants in biology is called _______

botany

________ electron microscope gives us a 3-D picture

scanning

the ________ electron microscope gives us a look at the inside of a cell

transmission

the study of standards for what is right and what is wrong is called _________

ethics

A structured procedure for collecting information to test a hypothesis is a(n) ________

experiment

the application of science to the needs and problems of society is ____________

technology

A scientific explanation of known facts arrived at through repeated testing over time is a(n) __________

theory

the part of an experiment in which all conditions are kept the same are the ________

constants

the steps commonly used by scientist in gathering information to test hypotheses and solve problems are called ______________

scientific methods

a testable explanation for a question or problem a(n) ________

hypothesis

Because it is often difficult to gather numerical data _________ information is collected

qualitative

_________ _________ research is usually based on numerical measurements

quantitative descriptive

Nitrogen is released to the abiotic parts of the biosphere from the processes of death, _______ and ________ by bacteria

decay and decomposition

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the biotic parts of the biosphere through ______________________

plants, photosynthesis, and nitrogen fixation

some birds are known as honey guides because they may be followed by humans to wild beehives, When the humans take honey from the hives, the birds are able to feast on the honey and bees, too. this type of relation ship can best be described as __________

mutualism

cougars are predators that often eat weakened or diseased animals. this is a description of the ________ of cougars

niche

an ecologist who studies how several species in an area interact among each other and with the abiotic parts of the environment is interested in the biological organization level called a(n) _____________

ecosystem

an ecologist who studies how several species in an area interact is interested in the biological organization called a _____________

community

Animals don not have ____ walls

cell

scientist who study the relationship among living organisms and their environment are called _______

ecologist

all living things are made up of ______

cells

a condition in which 2 or more organisms live closely together and benefit each other is called _________

mutualism

name the 3 parts of the cell theory

1. All living things are made form cells
2. Cells are basic structure
3. all cells come form other cells

the scientist who first descried living cells as seen through a simple microscope

Van Leeuwenhoek

Water moves into a cell placed in a(n) _______ solution

hypotonic solution

Water moves out of a cell if the cell is placed in a(n) _______ solution

hypertonic

If cells care placed in a strong sugar solution, water will _______ the cell

move out

Each step in a food chain or food web is called a(n) _________

trophic level

If a cell is placed in salt water, water leaves the cell by _______

osmosis

the structure most responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis is the _________

Plasma membrane

a___________ is a model representing energy flow and interconnected food chains in an ecosystem

food web

Organisms recycle _________ back into the air during cellular respiration

carbon dioxide

Before biogenesis became an accepted cornerstone of biology, it was widely accepted that living things could arise spontaneously from other __________

living things

humans are thought to have evolved during the ________ era

Cenozoic

Which group of organisms is believed to have been the earliest to evolve?

cyanobacteria

the Cambrian Explosion resulted in the evolution of the first representatives of most animal __________

phyla

The exchange of matter through abiotic factors and organisms is called the ___________

biogeochemical cycle

the endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arouse from communities formed by __________

prokaryotes

the first organisms on Earth were most like today's

bacteria

two gases that probably existed in Earth's early atmosphere are ___________________

water vapor and nitrogen

Miller and Urey's experiments attempted to demonstrate whether _____________ could have formed before life was present

organic molecules

One necessary condition for the evolution of the first life on Earth was the presence of ______________

liquid water

a(n) ____________ collects energy from sunlight or

autotroph

The basic divisions of the geologic time scale from larger to smaller are ________

eras and periods

the Mesozoic Era occurred after the ________ Era

Palezoic

Fossilized evidence of Earth's first forms of life would consist of _________ from the Precambrian

prokaryotes

In an experiment, the ________ group is used to test the effect of the independent variable

experimental

Cells that work together to perform the same function are organized into __________

tissues

the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration is _______

diffusion

When the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell you have _______ solution

hypertonic

_______ solution; the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell

Isotonic

What significant function can parasitism have in the ecosystem

Population decrease of an over abundant species

________ is the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane

Osmosis

_________ is the release of wastes or cell products from the inside to outside of the cell

exocytosis

what process involves the capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form useable by plants?

nitrogen fixation

How can detritivores be beneficial to the environment?

By getting rid of waste and dead matter

the total mass of living matter at each trophic level is called _______

biomass

Water, carbon, and nitrogen are released back into the atmosphere during _______

decomposition

to explain and show how the amount of living material at each __________ of a food chain changes, you could use a pyramid of biomass

trophic level

the range of temperatures in which an insect is able to live and reproduce is one element of that organism's, _______ a description of its ecological requirements

niche

Mosquito larvae are eaten by some fish species when they are present in the same body of water. For the mosquito these fish are a _____ factor

biotic

Burning fossil fuels has rapidly released long-term reserves of ______ cycle

carbon

Adding carbon dioxide to a greenhouse generally increases the rate of plant growth meaning that in natural concentrations it ______ the growth of plants

limits

the relationship between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and their plants is best called ________

mutualism

Decomposers recycle ______ from other organisms, but they use energy to do so

nutrients

A nitrogen molecule has just been "fixed" by a nitrogen-fixing bacterium. The next organism to use the nitrogen molecule is probably a(n) _____

plant

Plants return liquid to the atmosphere through a process called _______

transpiration

_________ is a group of interacting populations in a particular area

Biological community

the ability of an organism to survive biotic or abiotic factors is called _______

tolerance

_____ is a treeless biome with a layer of permanently frozen soil called permafrost

Tundra

A biotic and abiotic factor that restricts the numbers of organisms in an ecosystem is called a(n) _________

limiting factor

A ______ is an area where he annual rate of evaporation exceeds the rate of precipitation

desert

Material that is deposited by water, wind, or glaciers is called _____

sediment

One community replacing another as a result of changing abiotic and biotic factors is called ___________

ecological sucession

The average weather conditions affecting a biome is called _______

climate

The first organisms to appear during ecological successions are called __________

pioneer species

Warm temperatures and large amounts of rainfall characterize what type of biome?

Tropical rainforest

______ succession is the most rapid form of succession because soil are already established

secondary

Pioneer species generally pave the way for other species during succession because they for _____

soil

The type of vegetation that survives in a certain environment is dependent mainly upon temperature and annual _____

rainfall

In a climax community there is very little amount of change in the number of ________

species

When a fast-moving river slows, it results in the deposition of _______

sediment

How many different kinds of atoms does an element contain?

one

Acid solutions are produced by the release of ________ ions

hydrogen

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called _______

isotopes

the primitive Earth atmosphere is hypothesized to have consisted mostly of ____________________

methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfate, water vapor

Scientist agree that 2 developments must have occurred for life to come into being: the formation of simple organic molecules important to life and organization into ______ organic molecules

complex

Before biogenesis became an accepted cornerstone of biology, it was widely accepted that life arose through __________

spontaneous generation

The geologic time scale begins at the formation of Earth approximately __________ years ago

4.6 Billion

What did Urey and Miller use to get a spark, simulating lighting?

A battery

Fossils are usually found in _________ rocks

sedimentary

what type of fossil is not found in sedimentary rock ?

amber and ice

Who completely debuked spontaneous generation?

Pasteur

The theory about everything being made of cells came from ____________

Schleiden & Schwann

According to one theory, the first prokaryotes probably obtained their food by eating _____________

Organic molecules

Which group of organisms is believed to have been the earliest to evolve ?

heterotrophs

A clear fish imprint in a rock indicates that the rock is probably

Sedimentary

Urey and Miller subjected water, ammonia, methane, and hydrogen to heating and cooling cycles and holts of electricity in an attempt to form a complex ______ molecule

organic

What process contributed most directly to the evidence of aerobic organisms?

photosynthesis

the cambrian explosion resulted in the evolution of the first ________

mammals

A very large mass extinction in which amphibians and trilobites disappeared occurred at the end of the ________ era

Paleozioc

During the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, the dominant land animals were _______

dinosaurs

A fossilized dinosaur, found with fossils of the flowering plants that it ate, must have lived during the ________ era

Mesozoic

Modern experiments similar to Miller and Urey's demonstrate that simulating conditions thought to exist on early Earth can produce some bases contained in ________

amino acids

How are atoms in molecules held together?

ionic bonds

An organism that uses hydrogen sulfide as a source of energy is categorized as a(n) ____________

chemoautotroph

Most anerobic organisms are _______

unicellular

A(n) ______ can produce its own food

Autotroph

A(n) ________ must rely on other sources for food

heterotroph

Carbon compounds that come from living organisms are called _____ compounds

organic

How many electrons can a carbon atom share?

4

Tearing paper results in a ________ change

physical

H20 represents a formula for a _______ compound

chemical

the nucleus of an atom contains ______ and _______

protons and neutrons

Electrons move about the nucleus of an atom in regions called _________

electron cloud

What are the basic building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

Water dissolves many ionic and molecular compounds because of its _______

polarity

When molecules of glucose and fructose combine to for sucrose, they do so by _______

condensation

A chlorine atom becomes a chloride ion when it gains an ______

electron

the various enzymes in our bodies are made from _______

protein

Glucose and fructose, with the formula C6H12O6 differ in arrangement of _______

atoms

A very strong base might have a pH as high as ________

13

carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 are _______

isotopes

The total number of atoms in a molecule of sucrose, C12H22O11

45

An atom of fluorine has nine electrons. Its second energy level has ___

7

An unsaturated lipid contains ________ bonds

double

Unlike carbohydrates and fats, proteins contain ______

nitrogen

Diffusion continues until there is no _______ gradient

pressure or concentration

Brownian motion is evidence of ______ motion of molecules

random

An organic compound with a ratio of about two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for each carbon atom is a(n) _________

carbohydrate

the smaller subunits that make up nucleic acids are ________

nucleotides

Any substance that forms hydrogen ions in water is a(n) ______

acid

2 atoms that share electrons are held together by ______ bonds

covalent

Atoms of 2 or more elements chemically combined are ________

compounds

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are ________

isotopes

Glucose polymer that forms the cell walls of plants is ________

cellulose

The larger molecule that is formed when many smaller molecules bond together is _______

polymer

the ____ molecule has unequal distribution of charge

polar

a _______ is a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction

catalyst

the bond formed between amino acids is a _______

peptide

All the chemical changes that occur within an organism is the ________

metabolism

The minimum amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction is called ______

activation energy

The center of an atom is the ______

nucleus

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

energy is conserved

Autotrophs that convert light energy into chemical energy are called ___________

photoautotrophs

A green pigment that traps energy from sunlight is called _______

chlorophyll

The biogeochemicalcycle tries to get phosophorus

phosophorus

has to has chlorphyll and chlorplast

photoautotrophs

The endosymbiant theory

that eukaryotes evolved from series of prokaryotes

The end result of Urey and Millers experiment

they got complex and inorganic molecules

Diffusion will always move from an area of ________ concentration to _______ concentration

Higher to lower

the feature that distuingshes the arthropod from others is _________

jointed appendeges

Spiders breathe with book lungs and crusteaceans breathe with _____

gills

the cycle of metamorphisis

egg, nimph, adult

the only thing biologist are concerned about is _______

living things

schlieiden dealt with _______

animals

What did mass extinctions do?

they cleared other habitats and made new ones for other species

A length of the food chain varies with the ______

ecosystem

The role that and organism plays in the ecosystem

niche

transports raw material

transport vesicle

How many mass extinctions has there been

5

Polymers

means more than 2

Made up of more than 1 amino acids

proteins

Can nucleic acid be considered a polymer _____

yes

The characteristic of water that makes it a good solvent

Polarity

An molecule that has an unequal distribution of charges

polar