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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What happens to a child before birth?
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Learns to recognise its native language, they are better comforted by it.
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Give an example of child learning before birth
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Mehler's experiment in 1988 found four day old children sucked thier dummies harder when spoken to in their native tongue
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6-8 weeks old
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increased control over vocal chords, e.g. gurgling/mewing/cooing. 'ma', 'da' 'ga' are just noises, not words.
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6-9 months old
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babbling begins - combinations of consonants and vowels resemblind adult language. Very noisy stage.
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Explain phonemic expansion and contraction
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When a child learns what sounds are unneccesary, it is discarded.
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at 6-9 months what can a child understand?
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simple words such as 'yes' , 'no' or 'hello'
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1 year old
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First recognisable word spoken around 12 months.
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Name the four aspects of linguistic development.
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phonology, lexis and semantics, grammer and pragmatics
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Which comes first, command of vowels or consonants?
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Vowels, by 2 1/2 a child will have mastered all vowel sounds but only 2/3 of consonant sounds
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Where do consonants present most trouble in language acquisition?
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At the end of words, it is easier to pronounce the 'P' in 'Pig' than in 'tiP'
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Explain the tool of simplification using deletion
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Children simplify by deleting sounds: final consonant; unstressed syllable, consonant clusters my be reduced.
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Eplain the tool of simplification using substitution
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Children may substitute a sound they find easier to say for a harder one.
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Explain the tool of simplification using reduplication
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Children may pronounce different sounds in the same way e.g. 'lellow' instead of 'yellow'
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Explain the findings of Beko&Brown in 1960
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Children understand phonological patterns before being able to replicate them. (fish/fis) experiment.
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Which words to Children learn quickest?
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Concrete and familiar words, e.g. toys, chairs & pets.
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Explain underextension
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a common semantic error, a word is given a narrower meaning than it has in adult language. e.g. 'dog' = family pet, but the child does not relate the word to other dogs
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Explain overextension
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A broader meaning or a more general meaning, e.g. 'horse' = any four legged animal
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How much of a child's vocabulary is likely to be overextended?
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If they have a vocab of 50 words, 1/3 of them is likely to be overextended
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At which point does overextension begin to stop/fade?
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Around 30 months
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Explain labelling
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labelling is the first stage; it makes the link between the sound of the words and the object it refers to
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Explain packaging
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comes after labelling, where the child begins to understand a word's range of meanings. Over and under extension occurs here.
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Explain network building
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Were a child grasps the connection between words. They understnad that some words are opposite in meaning, they understand the connection between hypernyms and hyponyms
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Who identified the stages of labelling, packaging and network building?
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Aitchison, 1987
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At what age will a child speak mainly in single word utterences?
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12-18 months
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What can the one word phase also be called?
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Holophrastic phase
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What does CDS stand for?
a. Child directed speech b. Child diluted speech c. Children's disjointed speech |
a. Child directed speech
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What other names can be used for CDS?
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Motherese or caregiver language
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Explain the use of familiar sentence frames in CDS
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Parents introduce new words by using a sentence they know the child understands.
e.g. Child: It's blue! Parent: Is it LIGHT blue? |
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What happens to vocabulary and constructions in CDS?
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It is simplified from usual adult constructions and vocabulary
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What game using CDS introduces the idea of turn taking to a child?
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Peek-a-boo
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What happens to a caregiver's phonology when speaking to a child?
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Slower, clearer pronunciation. More pauses between sentences and phrases. Higher pitch. Exaggerated intonation and stress.
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What happens to a caregiver's lexis when speaking to a child?
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simpler, more restricted vocab. Diminuative forms (doggy, moomoo etc.) Concrete language referring to objects in child's immediate environment
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What happens to a caregiver's language when speaking to a child?
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Simpler constructions. Frequent use of imperatives. High degree of repetition. Frequent questions. Use names instead of personal pronouns (?).
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