Sociology 101

reveals the power of the society to shape individuals lives;can be encouraged by being an outsider or experiencing social crisis

sociological perspective

study of social behavior and human groups

sociology

who introduced concept of Sociological Imagination

C. Wright Mills

research on suicide suggest a higher rate in times of peace than in times of war

Emile Durkheim

taught students how to employ "verstehen" in their work(understanding and insight)

Max Weber

the study of the larger world and our society's place in it

Global Perspective

In what ways does sociological pespective pay off?

Helps us to access "common sense",see the oppurtunities and constraints in our lives, empowers us to be active participants in our society and helps us live in a divers world.

what changes were especially important in the sociological development?

rise of factory based or industrial economy, the growth of cities and new ideas about democracy and political rights

who coined the term "sociology" in 1938

August Comte

Comte's approach is called _______ , a scientific approach to to knowlwdge based on facts as opposed to mere speculation

positivism

A statement of how and why specific facts are related

theory

what is a basic image of society that guides thinking and research ?

Theoretical Approach

any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

social structure

What is the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole?

social function

Herbert Spenser(1820-1903) compared society to what?

the human body

Robert Merton (1910-2003)expanded our understanding social functions by distinguishing between what terms? What are there meanings?

manifest functions-the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern;latent functions-the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern.

any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society

social dysfunction

a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change

social-conflict approach

Regarded as the first woman sociologist

Harriet Martineau(1802-1876)

Sociological pioneer who in 1899 helped found Hull House, a settlement house for immigrant workers.

Jane Addams

Racial inequality sociological pioneers

Ida Wells Barnett and William Edward Burghardt Du Bois

A framework for building the theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.

Structural-functional approach

A broad focus on structures that shape society as a whole

Macro-level orientation

A close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations.

Micro-level orientation

Is a framework for building thoery that sees society as a product of everyday interactions of individuals.

Symbolic-interaction approach

The symbolic-interaction approach has roots in thinking from what German sociologist ?

Max Weber

the study of society based on scientific observation and social behavior

positivist sociology

information we can verify with our senses

empirical evidence

a logical system that develops knowledge from direct, systemic observation

science

Helped develop the social conflict approach

Karl Marx

Helped to develop the symbolic -interaction approach

Max Weber and Herbert Mead

What benefits does applying the sociological perspective yeild?

helping us understand the barriers and oppurtunities in our lives, giving us advatage in our careers and guiding public policy

a mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in simplified form

concept

The study of society that focuses on discovering the meanings people attach to their social world.

Interpretive sociology

The study of society that focuses on the need for social change

critical society

Which is the correct definition of culture?

It is a way of life that is shared by memebers of a society and shapes how we act, think and feel.

which statement about culture is true?

It is a human trait on which we rely for survival.

Culture is a product of ________.

evolution

In what way can culture shock be created?

when we act in ways that others do not understand.

Cultural statistics.

200 different cultures exist in the US and 7000 in the world

what is something that carries a particular meaning and is recognized by people who share a culture.

symbol

what does the sociological perspective show use about whom any indiviual chooses to marry

The operation of society guides many of our persobal chioces.

The personal value of studying sociology includes

seeing the oppurtunities and constraints in our lives,it is good preparation for a number of careers and becoming more active participants of society

The discipline of sociology first developed in

countries experiencing rapid social change

Sociology's social-conflict approach draws attention to

patterns of social inequality

Empirical evidence refers to

information we can verify with our senses

when trying to measure people's "social class" you would have to keep in mind that

there are several ways to operationalize this variable

Interpretive sociology is a research orientation that

focuses on the meaning people attach to behavior

In participant observation, the problem of "breaking in" to a setting is often solved with the help of a

key informant

The critical sociology research orientation is linked most closely to which theoretical approach?

social-conflict approach

the process by which one generation passes culture on to the next is

cultural transmission

abstract standards of what ought to be

values

specific statements or ideas that people who share a culture hold to be true

beliefs

guide human behavior

norms

two types of norms

mores and folkways

norms that are widely spread and have great moral significance

mores

norms for routine or casual interaction

folkways

the idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language

Sapir-Whorf Thesis

compare ideal and real culture

one is how we should behave and the other is what actually occurs in everyday life

Culture is shaped by technology. true or false.

true

describe the stages of sociocultural evolution:

hunting and gathering, horticulture andnology and pastoralism, agriculture, industry and postindustrial information technology

Knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings

Technology

the use of hand tools to raise crop

horticulture

the domestication of animals

pastoralism

large scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources

agriculture

the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery

industry

the production of information using computer technology

postindustrialism

allows researchers to measure cause and effect between two or more variables

Experiment

a simplified description applied to ebery person in some catagory

stereotype

cultural pattern that distinguish a society's elite

high culture

cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population

popular culture

cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population

subculture

the spread of objects or ideas from one culture to the next

diffusion

the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture

ethnocentrism

judging a culture by its own standards

cultural relativism

a theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture

sociobiology

Of the world's countries the United States is the most

cultural

Ideas created by members of a culture are part of

nonmaterial culture

Sociologists define a symbol as

anything that has meaning to people who share a culture

U.S. culeure holds a strong belief in

individuality

Cheating on a final exam is an example of violating campus

mores

Which of the following describes ethnocentrism?

judging another culture by standards of your own culture

subculture refers to

cultural patterns which set apart a segment of a society's population

in human history the "dawn of civilization" took place with the development of

agriculture

which theoretical approach focuses on the link between culture and social inequality?

social-conflict approach

this approach views culture as a system of behavior by which members of societies cooperate to meet their needs

structural-functional approach

Globally, experts document almost ______ languages, suggesting the existance of many distinct cultures

7000