Chapter 17 Homework

retina

contains sensitive cells (rods and cones) that transmit light energy to nervous impulses.

ciliary body

contains muscles that control the shape of the lens and secrete aqueous humor.

lens

transparent body behind the iris and in front of the vitreous humor; refracts light rays to bring them into focus on the retina.

vitreous humor

jelly-like material behind the lens; helps to maintain the shape of the eyeball.

pupil

dark center of the eye through which light rays enter.

chorid

vascular layer of the eyeball that is continuous with the iris.

conjunctiva

delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the anterior eyeball.

cornea

fibrous layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball.

iris

colored portion of the eye; surrounds the pupil.

sclera

tough, white outer coat of the eyeball.

optic disc

region at the back of the eye where the retina meets the optic nerve.

accommodation

the normal adjustment of the lens to bring an object into focus.

macula

a yellowish region on the retina lateral to the optic disc.

refraction

bending of light rays by the cornea, lens, and fluids of the eye.

cone

photosensitive receptor cells in the retina that makes color perception possible.

rod

photosensitive receptor cells that make vision in dim light possible.

anisocoria

Inequality in the size of pupils.

papilledema

Swelling of the optic disc; associated with increased pressure within the eye.

Photophobia

Sensitivity to light.

scotoma

Blind spot in the field of vision.

blepharitis

inflammation of an eyelid.

keratitis

inflammation of the cornea.

iritis

inflammation of the iris.

conjunctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva.

intraocular

pertaining to within the eye.

uveitis

inflammation of the vascular layer of the eye.

xerophthalmia

condition of dry eye.

exotropia

outward deviation of the eye.

esotropia

inward deviation of the eye.

aphakia

absence of the lens of the eye.

hemianopsia

absence of vision in half of the visual field.

Presbyopia

Impairment of vision associated with middle or older age.

myopia

Nearsightedness; vision for near objects is better than for far.

diplopia

double vision.

Amblyopia

Reduced vision (poor eyesight).

Hyperopia

Farsightedness; light rays are focused beyond, instead of directly on the retina.

strabismus

abnormal deviations of the eye.

glaucoma

increased intraocular pressure results in retinal and optic nerve damage.

hordeolum (stye)

localized purulent infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid.

cataract

clouding of the lens causes decreased vision.

diabetic retinopathy

retinal microaneurysms, hemorrhages occur secondary to an endocrine condition.

macular degeneration

deterioration of the macula letea of the retina.

OU

both eyes.

OD

right eye.

OS

left eye.

PERRLA

pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation.

c. gl.

with glasses.

VF

visual field

s. gl.

without glasses.

pinna

outer ear flap; auricle.

tympanic membrane

membrane between the outer and middle ear; eardrum.

malleus

hammer-shaped, small bone (ossicle) in the middle ear.

incus

small anvil-shaped bone (ossicle) in the middle ear; second ossicle.

stapes

small, stirrup-shaped bone in the middle ear; third ossicle.

Oval window

Membrane between the middle and inner ears.

Cochlea

Snail-shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear; contains hearing-sensitive receptor cells.

Auditory nerve fibers

These carry impulses from the inner ear to the brain (cerebral cortex).

cerebral cortex

the convoluted surface layer of gray matter of the cerebrum that functions chiefly in coordination of sensory and motor information.

Semicircular canals

Passageways in the inner ear that are associated with maintaining equilibrium.

Cerumen

Waxy substance secreted by the ear; ear wax.

perilymph and endolymph

fluid within the labyrinth (canals) of the inner ear; conducts sound waves.

Tympanic membrane

Membrane between the outer and middle ear; eardrum.

stapedectomy

removal of the third bone of the middle ear.

audiometer

instrument to measure hearing.

presbycusis

deafness due to old age.

Serous otitis media

Non-infectious inflammation of the middle ear with accumulation of clear fluid.

tympanoplasty

surgical repair of the eardrum.

vertigo

abnormal sensation of moving in space or having objects move about you in space.

Otosclerosis

Overgrowth and hardening of bony tissue in the labyrinth (inner ear).

Tinnitus

Ringing, buzzing or roaring sound in the ear.

labyrinthitis

inflammation of the labyrinth of the inner ear.

Myringitis

Inflammation of the eardrum.

Suppurative otitis media

Infectious inflammation of the middle ear with pus formation.

Mastoiditis

Inflammation and infection of the mastoid process just behind the ear.

Ménière disease

Disorder of the labyrinth of the inner ear; elevated endolymph (fluid) pressure.

Acoustic neuroma

Benign tumor arising from the acoustic nerve.

Cholesteatoma

Middle ear mass of cellular debris and cholesterol crystals.

AS

left ear.

ENG

electronystagniography - a test of the balance mechanism of the inner ear by assessing eye movements.

EENT

eyes, ears, nose and throat.

AD

right ear.

ENT

right ear.

ophthalmoscopy

visual examination of eye.

sclera

white portion of the eye.

aqueous humor

fluid produced by the ciliary body; circulates through the anterior chamber of the eye.

anisocoria

pupils are of unequal size.

conjunctiva

delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the anterior eyeball.

keratitis

inflammation of the cornea.

cycloplegic

paralysis of the ciliary muscles of the eye.

diplopia

double vision.

cataract

clouding of the lens, causing decreased vision.

strabismus

abnormal deviation of the eye (esotropia and exotropia).

astigmatism

defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye.

chalazion

small, hard cytic mass of the eyelid.

presbyopia

impairment of vision due to old age.

myopia

nearsightedness.

iritis

inflammation of the iris.

hemianopsia

loss of vision in one half of the visual field.

papilledema

swelling in the region of the optic disc.

fluorescein angiography

process of recording blood vessels in the back of the eye after IV injection of a dye.

macular degeneration

progressive damage to the yellowish region on the retina (lateral to and slightly below the optic disc).

aphakia

absence of the lens of the eye.

perilymph

fluid contained in the inner part of the ear.

labyrinth

maze-like series of canals of the inner ear.

pinna

the outer flap of the ear; auricle.

eustachian tube

channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx.

cerumen.

waxy substance secreted by the external ear.

cholesteatoma

collection of skin cells and cholesterol in a sac within the middle ear.

myringotomy

incision of the eardrum.

otosclerosis

hardening of bony tissue in the inner ear; ankylosis of the stapes may occur.

semicircular canals

passages in the inner ear that are associated with maintaining equilibrium.

otolaryngologist

specialist in the study of the ear and voice box.

tinnitis

sensation of noises (ringing, buzzing, whistling) in the ears.

vertigo

sensation of irregular or whirling motion either of oneself or of external objects.

ossiculoplasty

surgical repair of a small bone in the middle ear.

audiometer

instrument to measure hearing.

otomycosis

fungal infection of the ear.

auditory canal

channel leading from the outer ear flap to the eardrum.

acoustic neuroma

benign tumor arising from the 8th cranial nerve in the brain.

cochlea

a snail-like, spirally wound tube in the inner ear; contains hearing-sensitive cells.

tympanoplasty

surgical repair of the eardrum.

Suppurative otitis media

inflammation of the middle ear with pus formation.

Anisocoria

Inequality in the size of pupils.

Aqueous humor

Fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber of the eye.

Blepharitis

Inflammation of an eyelid.

Cataract

Clouding or loss of transparency of the lens of the eye.

Conjunctiva

Delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball.

Cornea

Fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball.

Ciliary body

Structure on each side of the lens that connects the choroid and iris; contains muscles that control the shape of the lens.

dacryorhea

Excessive flow of tears.

Glaucoma

Fluid accumulation in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye causing increased pressure and damage to the retina.

Ophthalmologist

Medical doctor specializing in the diseases of the eye.

acoustic

pertaining to sound.

pinna

outer flap of the ear.

otomycosis

fungal ear condition.

tinnitus

ringing in the ears.

tympanoplasty

surgical repair of the eardrum.

myringotomy

incision in the eardrum.

cerumen

waxy discharge from the ear.

vertigo

dizziness.

presbycusis

hearing impairment due to old age.

stapedectomy

removal of a middle ear bone.

prosthesis

an artificial device to replace or augment a missing or impaired part of the body .

corneoscleral

Pertaining to the cornea and sclera, which is the white of the eye.

Audiometer

Instrument to measure or test hearing.

Malleus

Hammer-shaped, small bone (ossicle) in the middle ear.

Palpebral

Pertaining to an eyelid.

Presbycusis

Progressive loss of hearing, occurring in middle and older age.

mydriatic

causing or involving dilation of the pupil of the eye.

blepharitis

Inflammation of an eyelid.

retinopathy

causing or involving dilation of the pupil of the eye.

Macrotia

Abnormally large ears.

cataract

clouding of the lens.

stapes

small bones in the middle ear.

strabismus

abnormal deviation of the eye caused by muscle weakness.

cerumen

wax found in the outer ear.

tinnitus

ringing sound in the ears.

pinna

the flap, or outside part, of the ear.

cochlea

a snail-shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear.

chalazion

small hard mass of the eyelid.

eustachian tube

tube connecting the middle ear to the throat.

presbyopia

impairment of vision due to old age.

tympanoplasty

surgical repair of the eardrum

Ophthalmoplegia

paralysis of the eye.

salpingopharyngeal

pertaining to the eustachian tube and the throat.

hemianopsia

loss of one half of the visual field.

uveitis

inflammation of the vascular layer of the eye.

aphakia

condition of the absence of the lens.

otosclerosis

hardening of the bony tissue in the inner ear.

intraocular lens (IOL)

artifical part inserted during cataract surgery.

acute otitis media (AOM)

severe inflammation of the middle portion of the ear.

a test of the balance mechanism of the inner ear by assing eye movements (ENG)

test of the balance mechanism of the inner ear by assessing rapidly twitching eye movement.

visual acuity (VA)

a patient reads from a Snellen chart to test clarity of vision.

intraocular pressure (IOP)

a measure of fluid build-up in the anterior portion of the eye and associated with glaucoma.

ears, nose and throat (ENT)

speciality of an otorhinolaryngologist.

pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation (PERRLA)

normal result when the dark opening of the eye is examined.

age related macular degeneration (AMD)

loss of central vision occuring with old age.

visual field (VF)

the area within which objects are seen when the eyes are fixed, looking straight ahead.

pressure-equalizing tube-a polyethylene ventilaing tube placed in the eardrum (PE tube)

this helps relieve chronic middle ear infection and inflammation.

anterior chamber

Space behind the cornea and in front of the lens and iris; contains aqueous humor.

Choroid

Middle, vascular layer of the eye.

Ciliary body

Structure on each side of the lens that connects the choroid and iris; contains muscles that control the shape of the lens.

Conjunctiva

Delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball.

Cornea

Fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball.

Fovea centralis

Tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision.

Iris

Colored, pigmented portion of the eye, surrounding the pupil.

Lens

Transparent biconvex body behind the pupil of the eye.

Macula

Yellowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc; contains the fovea centralis, the area of clearest and central vision.

Optic disc

Region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina.

Optic nerve

Cranial nerve that carries impulses from the rod and cone cells of the retina to the cerebral cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain.

Pupil

Dark, central portion of the eye.

Retina

Sensitive nerve cell layer of the eye.

Sclera

White portion of the eyeball.

Vitreous humor

Soft, jelly-like material that fills the inner vitreous chamber of the eye.