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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Newton's 1st Law
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States that a force is necessary to change the state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line of a body.
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Linear Momentum
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Defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. It is a vector. The symbol used for momentum is usually p.
p = mv |
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Newton's 2nd Law
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States that the rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting upon it.
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Newton
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One Newton is the force that gives a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one metre per second, each second.
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Newton's 3rd Law
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States that when body A exerts a force on body B, then body B exerts on body A a force that is equal in size, opposite in direction and of the same type.
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The principle of conservation of momentum
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States that, in any direction, in the absence of external forces, the total momentum of a system remains constant.
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Impulse
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is defined by the expression FΔt. It equals the change in momentum of a body. It is equal to the area beneath a force-time graph.
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Perfectly elastic collision
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is one in which no momentum or kinetic energy is lost.
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an inelastic collision
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is one in which momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy is not.
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One radian
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is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of length equal to the circle's radius.
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The time period, T of an object in circular motion
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is the time taken to complete one revolution. It is related to the speed v and the radius r by the equation v = 2πr/T.
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Centripetal acceleration
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The centripetal acceleration, a, of an object travelling in a circle of radius r with constant speed v is given by the equation a = v^2 / r in a direction towards the centre of the circle.
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A field
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is the region in which a force operates
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The gravitational field strength
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at any point is the force acting per unit mass at that point
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Newton's law of gravitation
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states that the gravitational force of attraction between two bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
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The period of a planet
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is the time it takes to complete one orbit around the Sun. For the Earth, it is one year.
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Keplar's 3rd law
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states that the period of a planet squared is proportional to the mean radius of its orbit cubed.
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displacement
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is the distance an object has moved from its mean (or rest) position
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amplitude
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is the maximum displacement
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frequency
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is the number of oscillations per unit time at any point
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the period
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is the time for one complete pattern of oscillation to take place at any point
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Simple Harmonic Motion
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Acceleration is directly proportional to displacement, but directed towards the equilibrium position.
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Damping
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is deliberately reducing the amplitude of an oscillation
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Critical Damping
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the crossover point between oscillation and no oscillation
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Resonance
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is the build up of a large amplitude oscillation when the frequencies of vibrating objects match
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Phase
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means whether a substance is a solid, liquid or a gas
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The Internal Energy of a body
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is the sum of the random distributions of kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules in the body
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An ideal gas
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is a gas that has internal energy only in the form of random kinetic energy
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Thermal Equilibrium
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is reached when two objects are at the same temperature
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Specific Heat Capacity
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is the quantity of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by a unit temperature
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The Specific Latent Heat of Fusion
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of a substance is the quantity of energy per unit mass required to change it at constant temperature from a solid into a liquid
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The Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation
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of a substance is the quantity of energy per unit mass required to change it at constant temperature from a liquid into a vapour
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Boyle's Law
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states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure exerted on it, provided the temperature is kept constant
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Ideal Gas Temperature
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For a fixed mass of an ideal gas at constant pressure, its volume V is proportional to the ideal gas temperature T. T will be a temperature in Kelvin
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Avogadro's Constant, NA
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6.02 x 10^23 / mol
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Mole
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The mole of any substance contains 6.02 x 10^23 particles
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The Boltzmann Constant
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is the gas constant for a single molecule
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