US/AZ History Chapters 9-12

in farming, the raising of one or two crops for sale rather than a variety of foods for personal use

specialization

the major change in the US economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves

market revolution

the 19th-century belief that the US would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican territory

manifest destiny

a gift of public land to an individual or organization

land grant

an 1853 purchase by the US of land from Mexico, establishing the present US-Mexico border

Gadsden Purchase

the formal withdrawal of a state from the Union

secession

a system in which the residents vote to decide on an issue

popular sovereignty

the site of the military arsenal where abolitionist John Brown led his attacking party in 1859

Harper's Ferry

the Confederate States of America, a confederation formed in 1861 by the Southern states after their secession from the Union

Confederacy

the discriminatory laws passed throughout post-Civil War South which severely restricted African Americans' lives, prohibiting such activities as traveling without permits, carrying weapons, serving on juries, testifying against whites, and marrying whites

black codes

a system in which landowners give farm workers land, seed, and tools in return for a part of the crops they raise

sharecropping

white Southerners who joined the Republican Party after the Civil War

scalawags

a bill, passed in 1864 and vetoed by President Lincoln, that would have given Congress control of Reconstruction (of the Union)

Wade-Davis Bill

What did the Gadsden Purchase do for the US borders?

It established the current borders for the lower 48 states.

What was "Uncle Tom's Cabin" and why was it important?

"Uncle Tom's Cabin" was a novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that pushed forward the abolitionist movement.

Describe the Dred Scott case.

Dred Scott was a slave who was brought by his owner into a free state to live, and so thought he should be free. The Supreme Court ruled that he was still a slave, setting a view of slaves as property that would hold for a long time.

Describe Lincoln's feelings toward secession and his goal to preserve the Union.

Lincoln's main desire was to keep the Union intact, then free the slaves.

What were the main areas where the war was fought?

The Civil War was fought mainly between Richmond and Washington, in the Ohio, Tennessee, and Cumberland River Valleys, and in the Mississippi River Valley.

Why was taking out railroads and seaports strategically important?

Railroads and seaports were extremely important for trade throughout each side of the war. They also allowed for transportation of other things, such as troops, messages, and supplies.

Describe what Lincoln meant when he said "We would like to have God on our side, but we must have Kentucky."

He had to have Kentucky in the Union because he knew it had access to good industries, water routes, and supplies.

How did the use of rifle influence the amount of casualties during the Civil War?

The number of casualties increased as a result of more accurate, quicker, and more powerful equipment.

Describe Lincoln's 10% plan.

It stated that if 10% of a seceded state were to express the desire to return to the Union, the state would be allowed to return after an oath of allegiance.

Describe Johnson's Reconstruction plan.

Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan called for 2/3 of a seceded state to want to return to the Union for it to happen.

Describe the Jim Crow laws.

They were laws enacted by local governments to separate white and black people in public and private places.

What impact did carpetbaggers have on the South?

They helped to rebuild the South's economy.

an ironclad ship used by the North in the Civil War

Monitor

an ironclad ship used by the South in the Civil War

Merrimack

a court order requiring authorities to bring a prisoner before the court so that the court can determine whether the prisoner is being held legally

habeas corpus

a tax on earnings

income tax

a secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War

Ku Klux Klan

to formally charge an official with misconduct in office

impeach

a system in which farm workers supply their own tools and rent farmland for cash

tenant farming

temporary rule by military rather than civilian authority

martial law

strong abolitionist who became the 16th president and played a big part in the Reconstruction of the Union and the freeing of slaves

Abraham Lincoln

a slave who had been brought by his master to a free territory, and so claimed he was free (and was overruled by the Supreme Court)

Dred Scott

the Confederate president during the Civil War who strongly believed in secession and the value of a strong, undivided front

Jefferson Davis

a Confederate general named for his steadfastness and inspiration to other soldiers during tough times

Stonewall Jackson

a Union general, appointed by Lincoln, who headed teh Army of the Potomac

George McClellan

a Confederate commander with modest and revolutionary battle tactics

Robert E. Lee

a Union commander who made a brilliant, decisive war commander, yet seemed to fail at everything else

Ulysses S. Grant

Abraham Lincoln's assassin, a 26-year-old actor and Southern sympathizer

John Wilkes Booth

the nation's first superintendent of women nurses

Dorothea Dix

the National Union Party's vice-presidential candidate choice in the election of 1864, a pro-Union Democrat from Tennessee

Andrew Johnson

a constitution proposed in Kansas that went along with the pro-slavery state's request for admission into the Union

Lecompton Constitution

What were women's roles in the Civil War?

Many women became nurses, decreasing the death rates in the war.

"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States."

13th Amendment

"All persons born or naturalized in the United States" are considered United States citizens.

14th Amendment

No one can be kept from voting because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

15th Amendment

a federal agency set up to help former slaves and poor white farmers after the Civil War

Freedman's Bureau

Briefly describe the strengths of the North and the South.

The North had most of the naval ship tonnage, iron production, firearm production, total population, population eligible for military, and industrial workers, but the South had the longest ocean coastline.

Discuss which battle began the Civil War and which battle ended the Civil War.

The Battle of Fort Sumter (Confederate victory) kicked off the war, and it ended with The Battle of Appomattox (Union victory).

the transition of an economy from a farm/rural-based system to one of industry and factories

industrialization