Biology Unit 2 Exam

Ecosystem

A system composed of living organisms that interact with one another and with their non-living surroundings.

Habitat

The place where an organism lives.

Community

A group of different kinds of organisms living in an ecosystem and interacting with one another.

Availability of Resources

The factors that contribute to the survival of a population, factors such as shelter, food and mates. If the recorces become limited the population can drop.

Tolerance Range

The extent of variation in an enviromental factors within which a particular kind of organism can survive.

Limiting Factors

Any factor which approaches or exceeds tolerance of an organism

Biodiversity

The number of different species living in an ecosystem.

Ecological Niche

A species way of life within its habitat. Can include its diet, feeding techniques, pattern of daily activity, tollerance range, tempreture range, etc.

Biotic

Describes the living component of an ecosystem. eg: Humans, animals, predation, relationships.

Abiotic

Describes the non-living compnents of an ecosystem. eg: Tempreture, heat, light water, gases, salinity, gravity, etc.

Food Chain

The flow of energy in an ecosystem, begining with producer. eg: Algae - carp - kingfisher bird - water snake.

Food Web

A network of interrellated food chains, showing the flow of energy in a particular ecosystem.

Producer

Supports all other levels, Atotrophs. Chemosynthetic, Photosynthetic: 6CO2 + 12H2O > C6H12O6 + CO2 + 6H2O

Consumer

Rely on producers for their energy, Ranked by trophic level (1st, 2nd etc.). Hetrotrophs, Herbivores, Omnivores, Carnivores, Detritivore, Scavenger, Parasite.

Decomposers

Break down dead and rotting matter outside their body and absorb the nutrients, return the nutriends back to the soil.

Herbivore

Plant feeder, Prey

Omnivore

Plant and Animal Feeder, Prey

Carnivore

Meat feeder, Predator

Detritivore

Rotting matter and soil feeder

Energy Inputs

Sun and Food

Energy Outputs

Respiration, waste, reflected light, growth and new offspring, dead tissue, dead.

Pyramid of Numbers

Shows the number of organisms at each trophic level per unit area of an ecosystem.

Pyramid of Biomass

The total amount of matter present in organisms at each tropich level at a given time.

Pyramid of Energy

Shows the amount of energy input to each trophic level in a given area of an ecosystem over an extended period.

Bioaccumulation

The accumulation of substances other than food that has been ingested or simply absorbed from the surrounding enviroment.

Predator-Prey

One species (predator) kills and eats another living animal (prey).

Parasite Host

One kind of organism (parasite) lives on or in another (host) and feeds on it, typically without killing it. The host may suffer various negative effects in this relationship, only the parasite benifits.

Intraspecific Competition

Competition between members of the same species for recourses.

Interspecific Competition

Competition between different species for recourses.

Mutualism

Any associasion between two species where they both gain something. eg: bee and flower.

Effect of Introduced Species

- Competition with native organisms
- Disruption of food chains and webs
- Introduction of new diseases
- Competition for recources

Over harvesting

unsustainable use of a biological recource can lead to extiniction of organisms

Land degradation and Soil Salinity

Removal of trees for farming can lead to loss of wildlife, errosion and disrupt the food cain/web.

Damming Rivers

Storage of large amounts of water by blocking water flow can disrupt the food chain and destroy the flow of water.

Water ways - nutrient overloead and waste disposal

A change in the abiotic part of an aquatic ecosystem can lead to death of water species, bacterial growth, death of plands and new species growing.

Controlled Burning

Burning off crops to return nutrients to the soils can lead to loss of life, regrowth of plants and bush fires.

Atmospheric pollution

Carbon emission, methane can cause global warming by heating the earth.

Fires effect on ecosystem

- Loss of some species
- Reduction of biodiversity

Photosynthesis

6CO2+12H2O -> C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O

Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6+6O2 -> 6CO2+6H2O
Anerobic produces 2ATP
Aerobic produces 36ATP

Carrying Capacity (K)

The population density that can be supported by the enviroment.

Population Dynamics

Birth Rate (b)
Death Rate (d)
Immigration-in (i)
Emigration-out (e)

Number in Population

(b+I) - (d+e) per unit of time

Closed Population

No migration (emigration or immigration) e.g. Island

Open Population

Migration occurs, increases genetic diversity.

Adaptation

Any genetically controlled feature that helps an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular enviroment.

Structural Adaptation

External physical appearence. e.g. Webbed feet

Physiological Adaptation

Internal Changes, Body function.
e.g. ability to tolerate higher urea concentrations to conserve water.

Behavioural Adaptation

An organism's response to the stimuli around them.
e.g. hibernation or tourpor.

Reproductive Adaptations

Behaviours that can help a species in courtship and mating.
e.g. Peacock fans out its tail feathers to attrack a mate.

Innate Behaviours

Behaviours that are essentially the same in all members of a species.

Learned Behaviours

Behaviours that develop or change as a result of experience.

Territorial Behaviours

When a species defends a territory from intruders.

Reproductive/Courtship Behaviours

The behavior patterns in different types of animals by means of which the sperm is brought to the egg and the parental care of the resulting young insured.

Feeding Behaviours

Any action of an animal directed toward obtaining nutrients.

R selected stratergies

"Quick and Many"
-short lived population
-large amount of offspring
-large amount of energy used for reproduction
- concerned with quantity not quality
e.g. bacteria,cane toads, rabbits.

K selected stratergies

"Slow and Fewer"
-less offspring
-longer parental care
-longer gestation period
-lower infant mortality
-slower population growth
-concerned with quality not quality
e.g. most mammals, humans, elephants etc.

Internal Fertalisation

The gametes join inside the parent organism.
the offspring have less chance of dehydrating and the gamets are more likely to meet.

External Fertalisation

Both gametes are realeased into the external enviroment and this is where they meet.
As there is so many gametes released it is likely that many will survive.

Phototrophic Response in Plants

When a plant moves in response to light.
The Auxin move away from light and cause the cells on the shaded side to elongate. The plant wil start to bend towards the light.

Geotropic Response in Plants

When a plant moves in response to gravity. The auxin will cause the shoots to grow up in a negative geotrophic response and the roots to grow down in a positive geotrophic response.

Auxin

The horomone envolved in geotropism and phototropism causes the cells to elongate and grow in either a postivite or negative direction.

BRONTEEEEEEEE

thank you so much!! this is great help and ive decided to make my own set, just like you said, it helps to write it down
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ten daysss!!!