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What “enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society” according to C.W. Mills? |
Sociological Imagination |
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During what decade did C. Wright Mills develop his theory about grasping the relationship between history and biography in society? |
1950 |
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How would you describe the practice of sociology? |
the interactions of people |
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Which sociologist developed the theory of positivism? |
Auguste Comte |
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Positivism is best defined as __________ |
Sociology is like a physical science, therefore we can use the scientific method to best solve it |
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According to Comte, positivism arose out of a need to make ____________ sense of the social order in a time of declining religious |
moral |
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As a formal field, sociology is a relatively ____________ discipline. |
new |
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Who was the author of the first methods book in the discipline of sociology? |
Harriet martineau |
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Who are known as “the founding fathers of the sociological discipline”? |
Marx, Durkheim, and Weber |
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As an ideology for society to follow, Marx said, “from each according to his abilities, to each _______________ |
a according to his need |
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Who criticized Marx for focusing exclusively on economics and social class as explanations for human behavior, and advocated sociological |
henry brossman |
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Who wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism? |
Max Weber |
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The author of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism argued that sociologists should study social behavior from the perspective |
verstehen |
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What is the study of social meanings that emphasizes subjectivity in understanding human behavior? |
psycology |
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According to the theory of social solidarity, the division of labor in a society helps to determine _________ |
social relations |
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According to Suicide, one of the main social forces leading to suicide is a sense of normlessness that results from drastic changes in society. |
anomie |
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Who wrote Suicide in 1897? |
Emile Durkheim |
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Which American university was the first to have a sociology department? |
University of Chicago |
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The basic premise of the Chicago School was that human behaviors and personalities are shaped by social and physical environments. This |
social ecology |
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The Chicago School’s main laboratory for sociological research was _______ |
Chicago |
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Charles H. Cooley argued that the “self” emerges from how an individual interacts with others and then interprets those interactions. He |
the looking glass self |
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“If men define situations as real they are real in their consequences” is the theory of which Chicago School theorists? |
W.I Thomas |
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Who was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University? |
W.E.B Dubouis |
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Which modern sociological theories grew from Durkheim’s and others’ ideas that the best way to analyze society was to identify the roles |
functionalism |
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Which modern sociological theory examines how power relationships are defined, shaped, and reproduced on the basis of gender |
feminism |
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Which modern sociological theory explains social behavior by examining the meanings that social signals and signs represent to |
social interactionism |
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Erving Goffman used the language of theater to describe how people present themselves in everyday social life. This is known as |
Dramaturgy |
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Postmodern sociologists argue that all so-called objective phenomena are open to debate because all meaning is subjective. Thus, to |
debatable |
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What do symbolic interactionists study? |
language as a symbol |
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Which area within the discipline of anthropology is most similar to sociology? |
cultural anthropology |
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Which of the following focuses its analyses on face-to-face encounters and interactions? |
microsociology |
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Which of the following focuses its analyses on larger social dynamics at the societal and structural levels? |
macrosociology |
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The social science concept that means that a change in one factor results in a direct change in another factor is known as _________ |
causality |
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The two general categories of sociological research are known as _________ |
qualitative and quantitative |
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The research method that uses statistical analyses to describe the social world is called ______________ |
quantitative method |
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If Kate approaches sociological research with a theory, then forms a hypothesis and makes empirical observations, what method is she using? |
qualitative method |
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The ____________ approach to sociological research starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory. |
inductive |
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The statement “people with higher levels of income tend to enjoy better overall health” is an example of the association known in social |
correlation |
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What is needed to establish causality? |
two variables have to be connected (empirical association), independent has to come before dependent, elimination of alternative explanation |
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In social research, a false relationship or alternative explanation is known as ______- |
Spurious Relation |
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Akila believes that the outcome of her research is affected by events or changes in the real world. This type of experiment is known as |
a natural experiment |
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Martine is a sociologist who thinks that A is causing B, when in fact, B is causing A. She needs to be careful to not make the mistake |
reverse causality |
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The variable or outcome that a sociologist explains is known as the ________ |
dependent |
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The measured factors that a sociologist believes have a causal impact on another variable are known as the ____________ |
independent |
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A proposed relationship between two variables that a sociologist studies is known as a(n) ____________ |
hypothesis |
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When hypothesis testing, a researcher needs to be very specific when defining concepts and variables. This is known as _______________ |
operationalization |
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____________ means that a researcher is successful in measuring what he or she intends to measure. |
validity |
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The likelihood that a researcher will obtain the same result using the same measures the next time she or he tests a hypothesis is |
reliability |
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The extent to which a researcher can claim that his or her findings explain a larger population than was studied is known as |
generalizability |
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Charles is a sociologist studying a population of gay fathers in the United States. He interviews 200 men in his data collection. These 200 |
sample |
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The subset of a population from which a researcher collects data is known as a ____________ |
sample |
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If a researcher collects data from an entire population, this is called _______ |
cenus |
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If a sociologist studies one high school in a study of the effectiveness of its Parent-Teacher Association, he or she is using which research |
panel survey |
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A researcher must be aware of how he or she affects the events being studied. This is known as _______ |
“white coat” effects/ reflexivity |
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Mitchell Duneier’s study of homeless men on New York City’s Sixth Avenue involved hanging out with his research subjects to collect |
field research |
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An ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from research respondents is known as _____________ |
survey |
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Lance is a sociologist who has mailed 10,000 surveys to possible respondents in a population he is studying. He hopes to get responses |
response rate |
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The main reason that achieving high response rates and limiting selection bias are so important is that they lead to _______________ |
accurate results that can be generalized |
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The General Social Survey (GSS) is replicated yearly with a new sample of 2,000 respondents. This is an example of |
cross-sectional survey |
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A type of longitudinal study in which the same sample of respondents is tracked over a long period of time is known as __________ |
longitutdal survey (panel survey) |
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Researchers studying social movements often use methods, which involves collecting data from written reports and other artifacts that date |
secondary analysis |
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The notion that our culture, lacking a history of feudalism, was uniquely individualistic and nonpaternalistic is known as |
american acceptionalism |
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Rogers Brubaker (1992) studied the notions of citizen and statehood in both France and Germany. His method of research is known as |
comparative research |
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Perhaps the most difficult method to apply to the social sciences, as compared with laboratory-based natural sciences, is/are ____________ |
experimental research |
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LeeAnn is a graduate student in sociology who is studying media depictions of gun violence in popular films such as Rambo and Scarface. |
research using secondary analysis |
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In content analysis research, _____________ refers to what we can measure easily and is obvious |
manifest content |
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In content analysis research ______________ refers to observations that are implied, but not easily observed. |
latent content |
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What are described as golden rules of ethical conduct in social research? 72. Research subjects have a right to know that they |
do no harm, informed consent, voluntary participants, confidentiality |
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A sociologist studying minor children, pregnant women, or inmates must get approval, as these groups are known as ____________ |
protected population |
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A sociologist studying minor children, pregnant women, or inmates must get approval, as these groups are known as ____________ |
protected populations |
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Social research aimed to influence public policy and society as a whole is referred to as __________________ |
ideology |
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A set of beliefs, traditions, and practices that is the total of the social categories and concepts that people embrace is one definition of |
culture |
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One of the two main categories of culture that includes values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors is known as ______________ |
non-material culture |
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Everything in our constructed environment, including technology, buildings, furniture, clothing, and books, is part of _________ |
material culture |
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Slang terms such as LOL, ROFL, and BRB are examples of _______ |
low culture |
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A type of nonmaterial culture known as ____________ is a system of concepts and relationships sometimes used to understand cause and |
ideology |
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It is important to take into account differences across cultures without making value judgments. This is known as _________________ |
cultural relativism |
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Baseball in the United States and cockfighting in Bali are examples of __________ |
high culture |
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While they are difficult to define, ____________ are smaller subgroups within a larger dominant society that share some of the dominant |
subcultures |
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The various musical genres and the groups inspired by them, such as heavy metal music and the goths, are examples of ______________ |
subculture |
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The experience of learning a culture’s norms, values, and so on is known as ____________ |
socialization |
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The theory that states that culture is a projection of the social structures and relationships into the public sphere is known as |
reflection theory |
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One way to define ____________ is as any formats or vehicles that carry, present, or communicate information, such as books, |
media |
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Gramsci’s concept for the historical process in which a dominant group exercises moral and intellectual leadership by voluntarily receiving |
hegemony |
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Gramsci’s concept for getting people to do what you want them to do by force and sometimes violence is known as ___________ |
dominance |
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Similar to sociologists’ research, Herbert Gans (1979) studied television news outlets’ decisions on what to include (or not to include) in |
racism in media |
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Jean Kilbourne’s college lectures and film, Killing Us Softly (2010), examine which issue? |
sexism in media |
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In the United States, six major companies, including Disney and Time-Warner, own what percentage of the media? |
90% |
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The belief that happiness and fulfillment can be achieved through the acquisition of material possessions is known as _________________ |
consummerism |
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The act of turning media against itself, such as the actions of Rockin’ Rollen and Adbusters, is called ____________ |
culture jamming |
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The lifelong process by which people learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms required to become a functioning member of a |
psycological development or socialization |
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The Turing Test is a popular test in which area of research? |
socialization |
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The primary units of socialization for babies are ___________ |
family |
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Cooley’s theory of socialization states that the self develops from our interactions with others and their reactions to us. This theory is |
looking glass self |
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Concepts such as I, me, and generalized other are part of which theorist’s work? |
charles cooley |
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Which theory uses game playing to understand the development of self? |
Meads role playing theory |
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Which theorist extends his theory of socialization to span an entire lifetime, rather than just limiting it to explanations of childhood or |
erickson |
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The four main categories of agents of socialization are ____________ |
families, schools, mass media, institutions |
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A drastic type of adult socialization that may occur when adults change environments is known as ____________ |
resocialization |
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Terms such as status, roles, and role conflicts are part of role theory, which is the work of which theorist? |
R. Merton |
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A recognizable social position that an individual occupies, such as “student” or “professor,” is known as a ___________ |
achieved status |
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The expectations and duties that come attached to a particular status are known as ________________ |
role |
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A single mother who is experiencing incompatibility within her role, such as dealing with sleep deprivation and spending quality time with |
role strain |
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Most college students occupy many statuses at one time: student, employee, citizen, son or daughter, and so on. This list of statuses is |
status set |
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Involuntary statuses that we are born into are called ____________ |
ascribed status |
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Voluntary statuses that we become over time are called ___________ |
achieved status |
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The expectations that Barbie dolls are for girls and G.I. Joe dolls are for boys are examples of _________ |
gender roles |
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Which theory contains concepts such as front stage and backstage, and has its roots in the work of William Shakespeare? |
dramaturgical theory |
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According to Goffman, we all try to make good impressions on others and we actively work to ensure that others believe that they are |
impression management |
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Garfinkel’s method for critically acting upon and studying social interactions is called _____________ |
ethnomethodology |
