Study
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abdicate |
to step down |
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capitalism |
economic system baed on private ownership and investing money for profit |
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absolutism |
king or queen who has unlimited power |
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annex |
to add outright |
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Duma |
first Russian parliament |
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appeasement |
agree to demands of agressor to preserve peace |
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ellipse |
oval movement of planets |
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boyars |
Russian landowning nobles |
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constitutional monarchy |
system of governing where a ruler's power is limited by law |
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inflation |
rise in price while value falls or stays stagnant |
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serf |
person economically bound to land of a noble |
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westernization |
Russia's adoption of everything from western countries |
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bourgeoisie |
well-off middle class |
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1st Estate |
clergy |
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2nd Estate |
nobility |
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3rd Estate |
rest of population (France) |
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guillotine |
machine used for beheading people-used by means of execution during French Revolution |
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Jacobins |
radical political organization members |
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Moderates |
people who wanted some changes in the government but not as many as the radicals |
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suffrage |
all adult males can vote |
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communism |
economic system in which all means of production are owned by the people, all goods shared equally |
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Royalists |
people who support the king |
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reparations |
to pay for the destruction of war |
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Hugenot |
French Protestant |
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geocentric theory |
earth-centered view of the universe |
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heliocentric theory |
sun-centered view of the universe |
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hypothesis |
unproved theory |
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crop rotation |
planting different crops in same field year after year to replenish soil |
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enclosures |
larger fields |
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factors of production |
resources needed to produce goods and services |
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natural resources |
coal, iron, ore, water |
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textiles |
use of cloth such as linen, wool, and cotton |
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defensive alliance |
agreement to help out another country if attacked |
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neutrality agreement |
agreement to stay out of fight if another country is attacked |
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Allied Powers |
US, Great Britain, France, Russia |
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Central Powers |
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy |
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mobilization |
to organize and move troops to the frontline |
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provisional government |
government that takes over after the abdication of leader |
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ultimatum |
final, uncompromising demand |
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demilitarization |
disbanding of armed forces |
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democratization |
process of creating a government elected by the people |
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containment |
policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and stopping expansion of communism |
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brinkmanship |
willingness to go to the brink or edge of war |
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communes |
larger collective farms |
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Red Guards |
Chinese high school and college students who formed militias |
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domino theory |
as one county in Asia falls to communism the rest will fall like dominoes |
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Vietcong |
communist guerillas in Vietnam |
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kamikaze |
Japanese suicide pilots |
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urbanization |
growth of cities and the migration of people into them |
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social contract |
agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government |
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Scientific Revolution |
major change in European thought starting in the mid 1500s, where the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs |
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Industrial Revolution |
the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine |
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ghettos |
segregated neighborhoods for Jews |
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ghettos |
segregated neighborhoods for Jews |
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Enlightenment |
18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society |
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Black Hand |
secret nationalist group, responsible for death of the Archduke |
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genocide |
systematic killing of an entire people |
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innovation |
invention or idea, change or bettering technology |
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Reichstag |
German parliament house |
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Douglas Haig |
British general who sent men to die at Passchendale |
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Archduke Francis Ferdinand |
archduke of Austria-Hungary, assassinated in Sarajevo by Serbian nationalist |
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David Lloyd George |
didn't want Germany to follow the path of Russia, power in Great Britain |
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Gavrilo Princip |
assassinated the heir to Austria-Hungarian throne |
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Georges Clemenceau |
thought Germany should be crushed so they could never another war, power in France |
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Kaiser Wilhelm II |
ruler of Germany during WWI |
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Helmuth von Molke |
German general who feels Belgium offers no threat, WWII |
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Otto von Bismarck |
chancellor of Germany during the 1870's |
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Vladimir Lenin |
helped Russia in the movement towards communism |
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Woodrow Wilson |
gave ultimatum to Germany about sub warfare, power in US |
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Jethro Tull |
invented seed drill |
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Alexander I |
Russian czar who fought Napoleon over an economic blockade |
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Duke of Wellington |
British general who helped defeat Napoleon in Belgium |
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Horatio Nelson |
defeated Napoleon in Battle of Trafalgar |
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Jacques Necker |
financial minister who wanted to tax everyone in France |
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Louis XVI of France |
King of France during the revolution |
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Marie Antoinette |
known as Madame Deficit. Queen of France duing the revolution |
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Maximilien Robespierre |
led the Committee of Public Safety |
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Napoleon Bonaparte |
Corsican who helped the French army hold back revolutionaries |
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Charles I of England |
signed but would not follow the Petition of Rights. Executed |
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Elizabeth I |
under this monarch, Catholics lost all rights in England |
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Guy Fawkes |
tried for attempting to blow up the Parliament building |
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James I and VI |
King of Scotland. Became King of England after Elizabeth I |
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Louis XIV of France |
had the Versailles Palace build for palace court |
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Mary Stuart |
Queen of both Scotland and France. Executed for treason |
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Peter Romanov/ Peter the Great |
moved capital of Russia out of Moscow |
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Philip II of Spain |
launched the Spanish Armada against England |
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Eli Whitney |
invented cotton gin |
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Thomas Hobbes |
wrote Leviathan- people were naturally cruel, greedy and selfish. England |
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John Locke |
wrote Two Treatises of Government- people could learn from past experiences. England |
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Jean Jacques Rousseau |
wrote The Social Contract- peole basically good but corrupted by society. France |
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Jonathan Swift |
wrote Gulliver's Travels and A Tale of a Tub- attacked corrupt politicians, philosophers, and scam artists. Ireland |
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Voltaire |
wrote various poems and essays- targeted corrupt officials, clergy, aristocracy, and government. France |
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Mary Wollstonecraft |
wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman- women could better support society if given equal rights |
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Catherine II of Russia |
AKA Catherine the Great- Russian leader from 1762-1796 |
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Frederick II of Prussia |
AKA Frederick the Great- king of Prussia from 1740-1786. called himself "first servant of the state" |
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Dougals MacArthur |
general sent to Korea by the UN to bring peace, WWII general who led men into Korea, fired by Truman |
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Dalai Lama |
religious leader in Tibet |
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Vesalius |
wrote a book about disection |
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Robert Jackson |
chief prosecuter of the Nuremberg Trials |
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Mao Zedong |
leader of Communist China |
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Ho Chi Minh |
young Vietnamese nationalist who turned to Communists for help. Became leader of communist North Vietnam when split |
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Galileo Galilei |
Italian scientist who built on the new theories about astronomy |
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Copernicus |
developed heliocentric theory |
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Johannes Kepler |
continued with Brahe's planetary research, discovered mathematical laws govern movements of planets, 3 laws of planetary motion |
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Erwin Rommel |
leader of German forces in North Africa |
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Rene Descartes |
developed analytical geometry, which linked algebra to geometry- believed scientists could reject old teachings to move on |
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Isaac Newton |
English scientist who brought together breakthroughs into a single theory of motion |
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George Marshall |
created the Marshall Plan |
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Ptolemy |
greek astronomer who expanded geocentric theory |
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Jiang Jieshi |
nationalist leader in China |
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Isoruko Yamamoto |
planned Pearl Harbor attack |
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Eva Braun |
Hitler's wife |
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Fidel Castro |
communist leader of Cuba |
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Paul von Hindenberg |
German general who became president of Germany before WWII |
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Adam Smith |
wrote the 3 Natural Laws of Economics and The Wealth of Nations. believed in Laissez-Faire |
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Albert Speer |
Hitler's architect, Minister of Armaments |
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Ernst Rohm |
leader of Brown Shirts, Hitler's friend |
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Adolf Hitler |
leader of Nazi party during WWII, leader of Germany, anti-semetic, wrote Mein Kampf |
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Benito Mussolini |
leader of Italy during WWII |
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Winston Churchill |
prime minister of Great Britain |
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Neville Chamberlain |
signed pact at Munich Conference annexing Sudetenland to Germany |
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Joseph Stalin |
became dictator in Russia after death of Lenin, communist |
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Karl Marx |
wrote the Communist Manifesto, began Marxism, German journalist |
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Arthur Zimmermann |
wrote the Zimmermann telegrah |
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Harry Truman |
US President who made decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan |
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Kim Jong II |
leader of North Korea |
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Oskar Schindler |
Nazi who changed his perspective about the Jewish people and saved hunderds of them by taking them out of concentration camps and having them work in his factories |
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Hermann Goring |
believed he should take over Reich after Hitler's death. For this, Hitler blamed him for high treason |
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14 Points |
ideas produced by Woodrow Wilson for a just world after WWI |
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March Revolution |
women textile workers strike in Petrograd. soldiers join them |
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Schlieffen Plan |
German plan to take over France in 6 weeks |
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unrestricted submarine warfare |
any ships in hostile workers can be sunk during wartime |
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Zimmermann Telegraph |
letter from Germany asking Mexico for help in the war |
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Treaty of Versailles |
ended WWI |
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk |
treaty signed between Russia and Germany ending WWI |
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Weimar Republic |
federal republic in Germany made up of 2-house parliament and President |
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Edict of Nantes |
gave Hugenots 1)freedom of public worship 2)admission to public office + universities 3)permission to have fortified towns |
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Mary Astell |
wrote A Serious Proposal to the Ladies- questioned lack of educational opportunities for women |
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Decleration of the Rights of Man |
1)all men are born and remain equal 2)natural rights-liberty, property, security, freedom of religion+resistance to oppression 3)every French man could hold public office,+taxed only to monetary income |
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Reign of Terror |
mob led by Robespierre against the republic. 40,000 died |
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Concordat of 1801 |
Catholic Church agrees to remain under state control but will have religious tolerance for Catholics |
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Napoleon's exile |
1814-Napoleon made to abdicate throne. sent to Elba. came back trying to gain power in France, but defeated and exiled again to St. Helena |
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Waterloo |
Napoleon's return to France to gain power. Napoleon's army attacked at Waterloo and the British helped to defeat them |
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Bloody Sunday |
Russian revolution where 200,000 workers and families went to Winter Palace to petition for better working conditions |
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Douglas MacArthur's dismissal |
MacArthur wanted to use nuclear warfare against China. Truman thought that was reckless, so MacArthur went to Congress to ask their permission instead. Truman removed MacArthur. |
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naval battles of WWII |
the battle of Tannenberg was between Germany and Russia during WWI. It was not a naval battle fought between the US and Japan during WWII. |
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iron curtain |
represented Europe's division into democratic Western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe |
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Truman Doctrine |
Truman's support for countries who rejected communism |
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NATO |
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. defensive military alliance created by 10 western European countries and US and Canada |
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Warsaw Pact |
Soviet Union alliance including Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania |
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Munich Conference |
meeting between Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini to resolve Czech problem peacefully |
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reforms of Catherine the Great |
religious toleration, abolishment of torture, and capital punishment |
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Grand Embassy |
Peter the Great went into western Europe to westernize Russia |
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Estates General |
meeting involving all the Estates. had not been called in 175 years- voted on issues |
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Tennis Court Oath |
3rd Estate, or National Assembly, not allowed into Estates General building so met on tennis court. decided not to dissolve until given a new constitution. |
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Napoleon's War against Russia |
when czar withdrew from continental system, Napoleon marched into Russia. By 1812 Russians proved too crafty for Napoleon and he had to turn around- then Russia attacked. Napoleon left with only 10,000 soldiers |
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end of WWI |
Versailles Treaty written with help from Wilson, George, and Clemenceau. put strict restrictions on Germany-made them angry |
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Nationalist Socialist Germany Workers Party |
Nazi Party |
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dropping of the atomic bombs |
President Truman allowed 2 atomic bombs to be dropped on Japan, 1-Hiroshima, 2- Nagasaki. caused Japan to surrender to US |
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Mein Kampf |
wrote by Adolf Hitler. "My Struggle"- laid out plans to annhiliate Jews and take over world |
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Nuremberg Trials |
trial trying Nazi war criminals from WWII |
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Korean War |
war between the North Korean communists, backed by Soviet Union, and the South Korean non-communists, backed by US and UN |
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Vietnam War |
war between the communist North Vietnamese and non-communist South Vietnamese. Eventually US stepped in to help, but withdrew |
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Guy Fawkes Day |
rememberance of when Guy Fawkes and accomplices tried to blow up Parliament building and kill king and many parliament members. Fawkes found and killed |
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trench warfare |
land mines and barbed wire set up along trench for WWI soldiers to hide in until time to fight |
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WWI |
began with assassination of Archduke. AH attacked Serbia. Russia->AH. Germany declares war on Russia. Germany->France. Cemtral powers- Germany, AH,+Italy. Allied Powers- GB, France, US,+Russia |
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WWII |
began when Germany openly defied Versailles Treaty. Hitler began taking countries in Europe and spreading anti-semitism. GB and US step in to stop further spread of Reich |
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Stalingrad |
city in Russia |
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Germany's invasion of European countries |
didn't have to fight very much >>>appeasement |