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Quiz!
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Ethnic differences in skin color are primarily caused by differences in |
quantity of melanin produced |
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Basal cell carcinoma initially affects cells of the stratum __________, whereas malignant melanoma arises from ___________. |
basale; melanocytes |
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The ___ is absent from most epidermis. |
lucidum |
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These cells stand guard against toxins, microbes and other pathogens. |
dendritic cells |
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The oil of your scalp is secreted by __________ glands associated with the hair follicles. |
sebaceous |
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Bilirubin causes a skin discoloration called |
Jaundice |
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The contraction of the piloerector muscles (pilomotor muscle or arrector pili) in humans causes |
hairs to stand on end with no apparent function. |
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The hair present only prenatally is called ___________, most of which is replaced by ____________ by the time of birth. |
lanugo; vellus |
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The skin does not include the stratum basale. |
the hypodermis. |
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The ___ are a source of sex pheromones. |
apocrine |
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The "ABCD rule" for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to the following characteristics of the lesion: |
asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter |
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This skin color is most likely to result from anemia. |
Pallor |
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The least common but most deadly type of skin cancer is |
malignant melanoma |
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Mitosis in the __________ accounts for growth of the nail. |
nail matrix |
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Variations in hair color arise from the relative amounts of |
eumelanin and pheomelanin. |
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The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail is called |
eponychium (cuticle). |
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What are associated with the sense of touch? |
tactile (Merkel) cells |
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The skin is the largest organ of the body, consisting of ____ % of body weight |
15 |
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The outer layer of the stratified squamous epithelium |
Epidermis |
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The deeper connective tissue layer |
Dermis |
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This layer rests on the subcutaneous layer |
Hypodermis |
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This difference in this surface layer of dead skin cells is what makes skin either thick or thin. |
Stratum corneum. |
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The normal thickness of skin is ___-____ mm |
1-2mm |
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Where is thick skin found? |
The palms, soles, and corresponding surfaces of the fingers and toes. |
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What does thin skin possess that thick skin does not? |
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands |
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Characteristics of the epidermis: Surface consists of _____ cells packed with the tough protein ____. This layer of skin has sparse ____ _______. |
Characteristics of the epidermis: Surface consists of dead cells packed with the tough protein keratin. This layer of skin has sparse nerve endings. |
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This is the deepest layer of the epidermis with a single layer of cuboidal or low columnar cells sitting on the basement membrane, its nutrients is recieved from the connective tissue beneath it. This layer of the skin has 4 types of cells. |
Stratum Basale |
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What are the 4 types of cells in the stratum basale layer of the epidermis? |
Stem cells |
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These cells divide rapidly and give rise to keratinocytes, these cells are found in the stratum basale layer of the epidermis. Mitosis of these cells occurs mainly at night. |
Stem cells |
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Found in the stratum basale. These cells produce a tough fibrous protein. What is the protein that these cells produce? |
Keratinocytes; Keratin |
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These cells produce a protective pigment, shielding the DNA from UV radiation. All people have roughly equal amounts of these cells. What is the protective pigment that these cells produce? |
Melanocytes, the produce Melanin. |
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These cells are derived from stem cells. These cells migrate toward the skin surface to replace lost epidermal cells. |
Keratinocytes |
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What are the two subtypes of melanin? What colors are seen with each of these subtypes? |
Eumelanin- black/brown |
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These cells can sense touch, are found in the epidermis, and are attached to a nerve ending in the dermis |
Merkel or tactile cells. |
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This is the second deepest layer of the epidermis, lying superficial to the stratum basale. Thickest layer, consisting of several layers of keratinocytes. Deepest cells of this layer are capable of dividing. More superficial cells of this layer produce more keratin filaments, causing the cells to flatten. Contains cells that alert the immune system to foreign invaders. |
Stratum Spinosum |
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Thickest layer of the epidermis, cells of this layer appear flatter toward the superficial part of this layer because of a tough fibrous protein made. |
Stratum Spinosum |
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This layer of the epidermis consists of 3-5 layers of granule and vesicle-containing keratinocytes |
Stratum Granulosum |
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This layer of the epidermis is thin and translucent, found only in thick skin. The cells of this layer contain no nuclei or other organelles. The kerotinocytes are filled with an intermediate product in keratin production, called ELEIDIN |
Stratum Lucidum |
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Which layer is found only in thick skin? |
Stratum Lucidum |
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The intermediate product in keratin production that fill the keratinocytes of the Stratum Lucidum is called... |
ELEIDIN |
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Where does the Stratum Lucidum lie? |
On top of the Stratum Granulosum layer. |
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This layer of the epidermis consists of up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells. Exfoliation occurs where the surface cells flake off |
Stratum Corneum |
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How many layers are found in the Stratum Corneum layer of the epidermis? |
30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells are found in the Stratum Corneum. |
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What characteristics of the stratum corneum make it a durable surface layer? |
Dead Make is a durable layer, resistant to abrasion, penetration and water loss |
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3-5 layers of granule and vesicle-containing keratinocytes |
Dust mite feces |
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From deepest to most superficial layer, list the layers of the epidermis |
Stratum Basale |
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Why is mitosis seldom seen in prepared slides of the skin? |
Because mitosis occurs at night. |
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How long does it take for a keratinocyte to make its way toward the surface? |
30-40 days |
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The thickness of the dermis ranges from ____-____ mm |
0.2 to 4 mm |
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In this layer of the epidermis: Cells are dying |
Stratum granulosum |
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What are the functions of the epidermal water barrier? Where is this barrier formed? |
The epidermal water barrier of the stratum granulosum: retains water |
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Why does the most superficial layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, consist of compact layers of dead keratinocytes? |
Because of epidermal water barrier cuts off from receiving nutrients |
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This layer of the skin is a fibrous connective tissue composed mainly of collagen with some elastic/reticular fibers |
Dermis |
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Where are hair follicles and nail roots found? |
The dermis. Also found in the dermis are blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and nerve endings. |
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What are pilorector muscles? What is their action? Where are they found? |
Pilorector Muscles are smooth muscles. These muscles contract in response to cold, fear and touch. They are found in the dermis of the skin. |
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Skeletal muscle in the face are responsible for ______, and are found in the _____ layer of the skin |
Expression; dermis |
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What are dermal paillae |
upward extensions of the dermis into the epidermis forming the ridges of the fingerprints |
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What are the two zones of the dermis? |
Papillary layer |
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The top layer of the dermis is a loose connective tissue and the bottom layer is dense connective tissue. Specifically what are te types of CT? |
Areolar |
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What are the characteristics of the Papillary Layer |
Loosely organized areolar tissue |
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This layer/zone of the dermis is deep, made of dense irregular connective tissue and thick collagen. The tearing of these collagen fibers is responsible for the stretch marks. |
Reticular Layer. |
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What are the two major functions of the hypodermis? |
Energy reservoir |
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What are drugs usually introduced into the hypodermis? |
Because it is highly vascularized |
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What is the name for a red pigment of red blood cells? |
Hemoglobin |
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What is the name for the yellow pigment from diet? |
Carotene |
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What is the name for the pigment that is hereditary? |
Melanin |
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What pigment synthesis is stimulated by UV radiation and sunlight? |
Melanin |
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Blueness resulting from deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood (cold weather) |
Cyanosis |
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Redness due to dilated cutaneous vessels |
Erythema |
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Yellowing of skin & sclera |
Jaundice |
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What skin coloration is due to excessive amount of billirubin in the blood (liver disease) |
Jaundice |
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Golden-brown color of the skin |
Bronzing |
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A deficiency of the glucocorticoid hormone is otherwise known as |
Addison disease |
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Pale color from lack of blood flow? |
Pallor |
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Genetic lack of melanin |
Albinism |
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What are hemangiomas? |
Birthmarks; Discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal blood capillaries |
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What are freckles? |
Flat aggregations of melanocytes |
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How does one get freckles? |
Heredity and sun exposure |
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What do you call elevated melanized skin? |
Mole |
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Define friction ridge |
Unique pattern formed during fetal development |
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What forms after birth by repeated closing of the hand? |
Flexion creases |
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Flexion line form.. |
Form in wrists and elbow area |
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Why do you have friction ridges on your fingertips, but not on your arm or face? |
With our hands we grab things |
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Why is Vitamin D synthesis beneficial in the skin? |
Regulates blood Ca+ and K+ levels |
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What percentage of oxygen is absorbed by diffusion through the skin? |
1-2% |
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What layer of the skin accounts for the nails? |
Stratum Corneum- densely packed cells filled with hard keratin |
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What do spoon-like shaped nails indicate? |
iron-deficiency |
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What does clubbing of the nails indicate? |
Hypoxemia |
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What is the growth rate of nails per week? |
1mm |
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Where are new cells added in nails? |
The nail matrix |
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Where is the growth zone in nails? |
The proximal edge of the nail at the nail matrix |
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Define nail bed |
Skin on which the nail plate rests |
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Define Nail plate |
Clear, keratinized portion of the nail |
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Define root |
Proximal end of a nail, underlying the nail fold |
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What is the eponychium |
Also known as the cuticle, this part of the nail is dead epidermis |
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Nail matrix |
Growth zone (mitotic tissue) at the proximal end of the nail; corresponding to the stratum basale of the epidermis |
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Define Lunule |
Base of nail, a small white crescent because it overlies a thick stratum basale that obscures dermal blood vessels from view |
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What is another name for hair? |
Pilus |
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The stratum corneum of the skin is composed of |
soft keratin |
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What are hair and nails composed of? |
Hard keratin |
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Dead keratinocytes exfoliate from the epidermis at tiny specks called ______ |
dander |
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What give color to the skin? |
Melanin |
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Albinism is a genetic lack of ___________ |
melanin |
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Straight hair is _______ |
Round |
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T/F the three forms of skin cancer are defined by the types of cells in which they originate |
True |
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Fingerprints left on things we touch are associated with ______ _______ |
dermal papillae |
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The stratum ________ is absent from most epidermis |
lucidum |
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The skin color that most likely results from anemia |
Pallor |
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Billirubin causes a skin discoloration called |
Jaundice |
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Ethnic differences in skin color are primarily caused by differences in.... |
quantity of melanin produced |
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The hair present only prenatally is called ___________, most of which is replaced by ____________ by the time of birth. |
lanugo; vellus |
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The _________ provides the hair with its sole source of nutrition. |
dermal papilla |
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A hair cycle consists of three developmental stages in the following order: |
anagen, catagen, and telogen |
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Each hair grows in an oblique epithelial tube called a(an) |
hair follicle |
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Variations in hair color arise from the relative amounts of |
eumelanin and pheomelanin. |
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The oil of your scalp is secreted by __________ glands associated with the hair follicles. |
sebaceous |
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____________ is/are formed partly from the secretions of glands in the external ear canal. |
Cerumen. |
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The ___ are a source of sex pheromones. |
apocrine glands |
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Which two strata of the epidermis are most susceptible to cancer? |
spinosum and basale |
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The "ABCD rule" for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to: |
asymmetry |
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The least common but most deadly type of skin cancer is |
malignant melanoma |
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Basal cell carcinoma initially affects cells of the stratum __________, whereas malignant melanoma arises from ___________. |
basale; melanocytes |
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_____________ burns involve the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissue. |
Third-degree |
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Where is the shaft of the hair found? |
Above the skin |
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This is an oblique tube within the skin that contains the root |
Follicle |
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What is the papilla? |
Vascular tissue in bulb that provides nutrients |
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What is due to the amount and type of melanin pigment? |
Hair color |
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Where does the growth of hair occur? |
Mitosis in stratum basale of epithelial root sheath |
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What is the rate hair grows? |
1mm every 3 days for 2-4 yrs |
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What is hirsutism |
abnormal hairiness in women or children |
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Describe characteristics of Merocrine glands |
Watery perspiration, located everywhere but adundant in palms, soles and forehead, contains apocrine glands |
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Apocrine glands are mainly found in .... |
the groin, anal, axillary, beard. |
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This type of gland has a thick and milky substance, and the ducts lead to hair follicles |
Apocrine |
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What is dermatitis |
Inflammation |
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What is Tinea? |
Ringworm; fungal infection |
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What is seborrheic dermatitis |
recurring patches of scaly white and/or yellow inflammation |
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what are warts? |
a viral infection HPV |
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What are cmedos? |
Whiteheads |
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What are open comedos? Why? |
Blackheads- dark due to lipid oxidation |
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What is accutane? What does it do? |
Treatment for acne, inhibits sebum production |
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Vitiligo is a destruction of the melanocytes. What do you think kills these cells? |
Antibodies in the body |
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What is another name for vitiligo? |
leucoderma |
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This is non-contagious, mainly caused by an allergic rxn or genetic component, there is no cure but can be treated with: emollients- which prevent moisture loss (lotion, creams, ointments) or topical steroids |
Eczema |
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What are emollients? |
Lotion, creams or ointments that prevent moisture loss Used to treat eczema |
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1st degree burns are in the |
epidermis only |
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2nd degree burns are in the |
epidermis and part of the dermis |
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3rd degree burns are in the |
epidermis, dermis and more |
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3rd degree burns often require.. |
grafts or fibrosis |
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Athletes foot is caused by |
fungus |
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Tissue from a different region of the patient is called |
autograft |
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isograft is |
a skin graft from identical twin |
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What is a homograft |
A temporary graft option, also called allograft, from an unrelated person |
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What is a heterograft |
A temporary graft option, also called xenograft, from another species |
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Amnion is a |
temporary graft option, from an afterbirth |
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Artificial skin is a temporary graft option made from |
silicone and collagen |
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All of the following interfere with microbial invasion of the body except dendritic cells |
keratinization |
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What glands produce the acid mantle? |
merocrine glands |
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What alerts the immune system to pathogens? |
melanocytes |
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______ is sweating without noticeable wetness of the skin |
insensible perspiration |
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The process of removing burned skin from a patient is called ______ |
debridement |
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Projections of the dermis toward the epidermis that nourish the hair by blood vessels in a connective tissue are called |
dermal papillae |
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Holocrine glands that secrete into a hair follicle are called |
sebaceous glands |
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Hair grows only during this phase |
anagen |
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A ______ burn destroys the entire dermis |
3rd degree |
