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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Definition of Sport
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well established, officially governed competitive physical activities in which participants are motivated by internal and external rewards
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Difference between Sport Sociology and Sport Psychology
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sociology deals with the relationship between sport and society, whereas psychology focuses on the personal challenges of an individual.
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Sport as a social construct
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sports can take different forms and be given different meanings from one situation, culture, or point in time to the next. Sports are not static, change with the society.
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purpose of social theories
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used to explain our social world
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functionalist theory
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society as a whole that is made of interrelated parts or social institutions, driving force is equilibrium, preserve order and stability.
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4 areas of functionalist research
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1. The relationship between sport participation and good character
2. The relationship between sport and achievement motivation 3. The relationship between sport and social integration 4. The relationship between sport and developing survival skills |
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limitations of functionalist theory
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over exaggerates the good and ignores the negative, ignores diversity, disregards sport as a social construction
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conflict theory
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society is a system of structures & relationships shaped by economic forces, sports are studied in terms of how they promote economic exploitation & capitalist expansion, research focuses on how sports perpetuate the power and privilege of the elite.
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research in sport using conflict theory
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how and when athlete is alienated from body, how and when sport is an opiate for the masses, how commercialization changes sport and influences social relationships, how economic power/exploitation is reproduced
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limitations of conflict theory
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too economic deterministic, ignores diversity outside of class relationships, disregards the empowering experience of sport.
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interactionist theory
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human agency.
society is created & maintained through social interaction, sports are studied in terms of how they are created and given meaning by people, research focuses on how people experience sport and how their identities are related to sport & participation |
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limitations of interactionist theory
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too much focus on human agency ignoring socio-economic conditions, does not provide a critical vision of society at a structural level
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critical theory
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neo-marxist, feminist, cultural studies. focuses on how culture is produced & reproduced, power in social relationships: who has the power & how does it shift during times of conflict?
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limitations of critical theory
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multiple variations, confusing, no unified strategies.
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conditions for commercial sport
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-market economy
-large, densely populated cities -people who have time, money, transportation, and media access -large amounts of capital -culture emphasizing consumption & material status symbols |
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commercialization in sport may cause changes in
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structure and goals, orientation of athletes, coaches & sponsors, organizations that sponsor & control sport, from aesthetic to heroic, from process to outcome orientations.
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relationship between media & sport
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symbiotic
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functions of the media
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inform, interpret, entertain
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dominant themes covered during TV
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succes themes, stories/events that enforce femininity, more mens sports, race - physical vs. intellectual, nationalism
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video games
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interactive, can be violent, used to teach new plays, teach children the rules young.
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difference between socialization into sport and via sport
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socialization into: assimilation of the mental & physical skills needed for participation
socialization via: assimilation of culture as a result of sport participation |
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problems researching deviance
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forms and causes are diverse, what is normal in sport may be deviant outside of sport, often involved unquestioned acceptance rather than rejection of norms
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deviance
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occurs when a persons ideas, traits, or actions are perceived by others to fall outside the normal range of acceptance in society
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formal deviance
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violation of official rules or laws
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informal deviance
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violation of accepted beliefs or accepted customs & understandings
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aggression
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verbal & physical behavior grounded in an intent to dominate, control, or do harm to another person
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violence
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use of EXCESSIVE physical force which causes harm or destruction.
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factors of violence among spectators
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violence on field, size & proximity of crowd, composition of crowd, importance of victory, rivalry, system of crowd control, amount of alcohol consumed, location of event.
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to control violence among spectators
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control factors influencing violence among spectators.
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informal games
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player controlled, Sandlot, action oriented, rules emphasize action
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formal games
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adult controlled, positions important, focus on set rules, emphasis on instruction
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functionalist approach to deviance
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failure to conform; violators are disruptive and morally bankrupt.
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conflict theorist approach to deviance
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behavior that violates the interest of the power elite
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Interactionalist & Critical theorist approach to deviance
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deviant behavior involves over-conformity and under-conformity to rules and social norms
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absolutist approach to deviance
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truth based, either right or wrong. no gray area
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constructionist approach to deviance
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interactionist based. norms are socially constructed.
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positive deviance
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supernormal, over-conforming behavior. as dangerous as negative deviance, harder to control
substance enhancing drugs |
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negative deviance
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subnormal, under-conforming behavior. rejection of commonly accepted rules and expectations.
steroids in baseball |
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theoretical explanation for deviance
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biological, psychological, sociological
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biological explanation for deviance
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there are defects and weaknesses in a person's physical constitution that predispose one to deviance
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psychological explanation for deviance
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there is a physiological "sickness" manifesting itself in the form of mental illness, psychopathic disorders, personality aberrations, etc that predispose one to deviance
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sociological explanation
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there are social forces that promote a person to be a deviant. social context that a person is in can increase the chances of deviance
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sports ethics 4 core beliefs
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1. an athlete makes sacrifices for the game
2. athlete strives for distinction 3. athlete accepts risks and plays through the pain 4. athlete accepts no limits in the pursuit of possibilites |
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when violence involves widespread rejection of norms, it may signal
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anarchy
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when violence involves extreme over conformity to norms, it may signal
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fascism
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violence is not always
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illegal or condemned, it may be praised, rewarded, and lauded as necessary
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agents of socialization
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"Significant others"
family members, peers, sport teams, coaches, teachers, mass media |
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behaviorist theory of socialization
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people repeat behavior that is rewarded or pleasurable and eliminate behavior that is punished or painful.
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social learning theory/role learning theory of socialization
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people are exposed to the behaviors of significant others, and they imitate these behaviors
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power and performance model of youth sports
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involves use of strength, speed, and poise to dominate opponents in the quest for competitive victories. the older one gets, the more they move toward this model.
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pleasure and participation model of youth sports
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involves competition, but the primary emphasis on connections between people and on a personal expression through sport
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pygmalion effect
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expectation of coaches, parents, etc impact on performance. increases when parent is the coach
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adult involvement in youth sport includes
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determining the rules, plan strategy and call plays, debate questionable calls
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