Human Development Ch. 6

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sensorimotor intelligence,Piaget's term for the way infants think-by using their senses and motor skills- during the 1st period of cognitive development. primary circular reactions,The 1st of 3 types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this 1 involving the infant's own body. The infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli, and tries to understand them. secondary circular reactions,The 2nd of the 3 types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this 1 involving people and objects. Infants respond to other people, to toys, and to any other object they can touch or move. object permanence,The reaction that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard. tertiary circular reactions,The 3rd of 3 types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this 1 involving active exploration and experimentation. Infants explore a range of new activities, varing their responses as a way of learning about the world. "little scientist",The stage 5 toddler (age 12-18 months) who experiments without anticipating the results, using trial and error in active and creative exploration. deferred imitation,A sequence in which an infant 1st perceives something that someone else does and then performs the same action a few hrs or days later. habituation,The process of getting used to an object or event through repeated exposure to it. fMRI,Functional magnet resonance imaging, a measuring technique in which the brain's electrical excitement indicates activation anywhere in the brain, fMRI helps researchers locate neurological responses to stimuli. information processing theory,A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output. affordance,An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment. visual cliff,An experimental apparatus that gives an illusion of a sudden dropoff between 1 horizontal surface and another. dynamic perception,Perception that is primed to focus on movement and change. people preference,A universal principle of infant perception, consisting of an innate attraction to other humans, which is evident in visual, auditory, tactile, and other preference. reminder sesion,A perceptual experience that is intended to help a person recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience, without testing whether the person remembers it at the moment. child-directed speech,The highly pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants. (Also called baby talk or motherese.) babbling,The extended repetion of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old. holophrase,A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought. naming explosion,A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 18 months of age. grammar,All the methods-word order, verb forms, and so on-that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves. language aquisition device (LAD),Chomsky's term for a hypothesized mental structuer that enbles humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation.