Printing 'physio 3 cardiac'

pulmonary circulation	heart to lungs to heart
systemic circulation	heart to body to heart
endocardium	thin membrane covering the entire inner surface of the heart, including valves forms barrier between blood and heart tissue
intraventricular septum	between the atria and the ventricles

types of cells in the heart	myocardial or contractile cells 99% conducting cells pacemakers or nodal cells
paricardial sac	prevents friction, fluid filled
name of the valve that separates the right atria and the right ventricle	right av valve or tricuspid
name of the valve that separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk	pulmonary valve

name of the valve separates the left atrium and the left ventricule	left av valve or mitral valve or bicuspid
name of the valve that separates the left ventricle and the aorta	aortic valve
name of the muscles at the bottom of the ventricles	papillary muscles
name what structure holds valves shut	chordae tendinae

a wave	caused by atrial contraction
c wave	- caused by ventricular contraction, slight backflow of blood into atria, and bulging of valves due to ventricular pressure
v wave	- slow flow of blood into atria during ventricular contraction, ends when a-v valves open again
phase 1	ventricular filling AV valve open, aortic valve closed Diastole

phase 2	- isovolumic contraction AV valve closes at beginning (1st heart sound) Aortic valve closed Systole, corresponds to QRS complex
phase 3	ventricular ejection Begins when ventricular pressure reaches pressure in aorta (diastolic blood pressure) Aortic valve opens, blood pumped to systemic circulation Peak pressure reached during this phase is systolic pressure
phase 4	- isovolumic relaxation Aortic valve closes (2nd heart sound), AV valve closed No change in ventricular volume Corresponds to T-wave
Frank-Starling Law of the Heart	Stretch heart muscle more, get greater force of contraction Analagous to length-tension curve for skeletal muscle Prevents accumulation of blood in heart and veins

Cardiac output	Blood ejected per minute Resting 6 L / min Exercise 20 L / min hr x stroke volume
stroke volume	Blood ejected with each beat end diastolic volume - end systolic volume EDV = Max filling (stretch) ESV = Partial emptying
Ejection Fraction	Volume ejected compared to maximum volume in chamber when full normally 25-65% Stroke Volume x (100%)/End Diastolic Volume = Ejection Fraction
three ways to increase heart rate	increase of activity of sympathetic nerves to heart, decrease in activity of parasympathetic nerves to heart, and increase in plasma epinephrine

three ways to increase stroke volume	increase end-diastolic ventricular volume, increase activity of sympathetic nerves to heart, or increase plasma epinephrine
end diastolic volume	filling tine, filling pressure, blood volume, venous tone, gravity, muscle activity
end systolic volume	afterload (diastolic blood pressure) contractility starlings law sympathetics
Effect of Venous Filling Pressure	Increase in venous pressure will increase larger stretch of cardiac muscle cells

Functional parts of circulation	Arteries: transport blood under high pressure to tissues Arterioles: control valves for blood before capillary strong muscular walls can increase/decrease flow Capillaries: exchange fluid, nutrients, hormones between blood and interstitial fluid thin, permeable walls large relative area Venules: collect blood from capillaries Veins: transport blood back to heart serve as major reservoir of blood muscular, but thin walls
Flow through vessel determined by	pressure difference: gradient from one end to other resistance: impedance to blood flow
Ohm’s Law	Blood Flow = Pressure / Resistance Q = (P1 - P2) / R Conductance = 1 / Resistance Cardiac Output (Flow) = 5 Liters / min
Poiseuille’s Law	Blood flow to tissue determined by DP(pi)r^4/8hl pressure, radius, viscosity, length